    {-# OPTIONS -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
    -- Needed for the same reasons as in Reader, State etc

    {- |
    Module      :  Control.Monad.Error.Class
    Copyright   :  (c) Michael Weber <michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de> 2001,
                   (c) Jeff Newbern 2003-2006,
                   (c) Andriy Palamarchuk 2006
    License     :  BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)

    Maintainer  :  libraries@haskell.org
    Stability   :  experimental
    Portability :  non-portable (multi-parameter type classes)

    [Computation type:] Computations which may fail or throw exceptions.

    [Binding strategy:] Failure records information about the cause\/location
    of the failure. Failure values bypass the bound function,
    other values are used as inputs to the bound function.

    [Useful for:] Building computations from sequences of functions that may fail
    or using exception handling to structure error handling.

    [Zero and plus:] Zero is represented by an empty error and the plus operation
    executes its second argument if the first fails.

    [Example type:] @'Data.Either' String a@

    The Error monad (also called the Exception monad).
    -}

    {-
      Rendered by Michael Weber <mailto:michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de>,
      inspired by the Haskell Monad Template Library from
        Andy Gill (<http://www.cse.ogi.edu/~andy/>)
    -}
    module Control.Monad.Error.Class (
        Error(..),
        MonadError(..),
      ) where

    -- | An exception to be thrown.
    -- An instance must redefine at least one of 'noMsg', 'strMsg'.
    class Error a where
        -- | Creates an exception without a message.
        -- Default implementation is @'strMsg' \"\"@.
        noMsg  :: a
        -- | Creates an exception with a message.
        -- Default implementation is 'noMsg'.
        strMsg :: String -> a

        noMsg    = strMsg ""
        strMsg _ = noMsg

    -- | A string can be thrown as an error.
    instance Error String where
        noMsg  = ""
        strMsg = id

    instance Error IOError where
        strMsg = userError

    {- |
    The strategy of combining computations that can throw exceptions
    by bypassing bound functions
    from the point an exception is thrown to the point that it is handled.

    Is parameterized over the type of error information and
    the monad type constructor.
    It is common to use @'Data.Either' String@ as the monad type constructor
    for an error monad in which error descriptions take the form of strings.
    In that case and many other common cases the resulting monad is already defined
    as an instance of the 'MonadError' class.
    You can also define your own error type and\/or use a monad type constructor
    other than @'Data.Either' String@ or @'Data.Either' IOError@.
    In these cases you will have to explicitly define instances of the 'Error'
    and\/or 'MonadError' classes.
    -}
    class (Monad m) => MonadError e m | m -> e where
        -- | Is used within a monadic computation to begin exception processing.
        throwError :: e -> m a

        {- |
        A handler function to handle previous errors and return to normal execution.
        A common idiom is:

        > do { action1; action2; action3 } `catchError` handler

        where the @action@ functions can call 'throwError'.
        Note that @handler@ and the do-block must have the same return type.
        -}
        catchError :: m a -> (e -> m a) -> m a