    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- |
    -- Module      :  Control.Concurrent.QSem
    -- Copyright   :  (c) The University of Glasgow 2001
    -- License     :  BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
    --
    -- Maintainer  :  libraries@haskell.org
    -- Stability   :  experimental
    -- Portability :  non-portable (concurrency)
    --
    -- Simple quantity semaphores.
    --
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    module Control.Concurrent.QSem
    	( -- * Simple Quantity Semaphores
    	  QSem,		-- abstract
    	  newQSem,	-- :: Int  -> IO QSem
    	  waitQSem,	-- :: QSem -> IO ()
    	  signalQSem	-- :: QSem -> IO ()
    	) where

    import Prelude
    import Control.Concurrent.MVar
    import Data.Typeable

    #include "Typeable.h"

    -- General semaphores are also implemented readily in terms of shared
    -- @MVar@s, only have to catch the case when the semaphore is tried
    -- waited on when it is empty (==0). Implement this in the same way as
    -- shared variables are implemented - maintaining a list of @MVar@s
    -- representing threads currently waiting. The counter is a shared
    -- variable, ensuring the mutual exclusion on its access.

    -- |A 'QSem' is a simple quantity semaphore, in which the available
    -- \"quantity\" is always dealt with in units of one.
    newtype QSem = QSem (MVar (Int, [MVar ()]))

    INSTANCE_TYPEABLE0(QSem,qSemTc,"QSem")

    -- |Build a new 'QSem'
    newQSem :: Int -> IO QSem
    newQSem init = do
       sem <- newMVar (init,[])
       return (QSem sem)

    -- |Wait for a unit to become available
    waitQSem :: QSem -> IO ()
    waitQSem (QSem sem) = do
       (avail,blocked) <- takeMVar sem  -- gain ex. access
       if avail > 0 then
         putMVar sem (avail-1,[])
        else do
         block <- newEmptyMVar
          {-
    	Stuff the reader at the back of the queue,
    	so as to preserve waiting order. A signalling
    	process then only have to pick the MVar at the
    	front of the blocked list.

    	The version of waitQSem given in the paper could
    	lead to starvation.
          -}
         putMVar sem (0, blocked++[block])
         takeMVar block

    -- |Signal that a unit of the 'QSem' is available
    signalQSem :: QSem -> IO ()
    signalQSem (QSem sem) = do
       (avail,blocked) <- takeMVar sem
       case blocked of
         [] -> putMVar sem (avail+1,[])

         (block:blocked') -> do
    	   putMVar sem (0,blocked')
    	   putMVar block ()