| mtl-1.1.0.0: Monad transformer library | Source code | Contents | Index

Control.Monad.Error |

Portability | non-portable (multi-parameter type classes)
Stability | experimental
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org

Contents

Example 1: Custom Error Data Type
Example 2: Using ErrorT Monad Transformer

Description

Computation type:
  Computations which may fail or throw exceptions.
Binding strategy:
  Failure records information about the cause/location of the failure. Failure values bypass the bound function, other values are used as inputs to the bound function.
Useful for:
  Building computations from sequences of functions that may fail or using exception handling to structure error handling.
Zero and plus:
  Zero is represented by an empty error and the plus operation executes its second argument if the first fails.
Example type:
  ``Either` String a`

The Error monad (also called the Exception monad).

Synopsis

module Control.Monad.Error.Class
newtype ErrorT e m a = ErrorT {

runErrorT :: (m (Either e a))

}
mapErrorT :: (m (Either e a) -> n (Either e' b)) -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e' n b
module Control.Monad
module Control.Monad.Fix
module Control.Monad.Trans

Documentation
module Control.Monad.Error.Class

newtype ErrorT e m a | Source

The error monad transformer. It can be used to add error handling to other monads. The `ErrorT` Monad structure is parameterized over two things:

- e - The error type.
- m - The inner monad.

Here are some examples of use:

     -- wraps IO action that can throw an error e
     type ErrorWithIO e a = ErrorT e IO a
     ==> ErrorT (IO (Either e a))

     -- IO monad wrapped in StateT inside of ErrorT
     type ErrorAndStateWithIO e s a = ErrorT e (StateT s IO) a
     ==> ErrorT (StateT s IO (Either e a))
     ==> ErrorT (StateT (s -> IO (Either e a,s)))

Constructors

ErrorT |

runErrorT :: (m (Either e a)) |

Instances

(Error e, MonadRWS r w s m) => MonadRWS r w s (ErrorT e m)
(Monad m, Error e) => MonadError e (ErrorT e m)
(Error e, MonadReader r m) => MonadReader r (ErrorT e m)
(Error e, MonadState s m) => MonadState s (ErrorT e m)
(Error e, MonadWriter w m) => MonadWriter w (ErrorT e m)
Error e => MonadTrans (ErrorT e)
Monad m => Functor (ErrorT e m)
(Monad m, Error e) => Monad (ErrorT e m)
(Error e, MonadCont m) => MonadCont (ErrorT e m)
(MonadFix m, Error e) => MonadFix (ErrorT e m)
(Error e, MonadIO m) => MonadIO (ErrorT e m)
(Monad m, Error e) => MonadPlus (ErrorT e m)

mapErrorT :: (m (Either e a) -> n (Either e' b)) -> ErrorT e m a -> ErrorT e' n b | Source

module Control.Monad
module Control.Monad.Fix
module Control.Monad.Trans
Example 1: Custom Error Data Type
Here is an example that demonstrates the use of a custom `Error` data type with the `throwError` and `catchError` exception mechanism from `MonadError`. The example throws an exception if the user enters an empty string or a string longer than 5 characters. Otherwise it prints length of the string.
    -- This is the type to represent length calculation error.
    data LengthError = EmptyString  -- Entered string was empty.
              | StringTooLong Int   -- A string is longer than 5 characters.
                                    -- Records a length of the string.
              | OtherError String   -- Other error, stores the problem description.

    -- We make LengthError an instance of the Error class
    -- to be able to throw it as an exception.
    instance Error LengthError where
      noMsg    = OtherError "A String Error!"
      strMsg s = OtherError s

    -- Converts LengthError to a readable message.
    instance Show LengthError where
      show EmptyString = "The string was empty!"
      show (StringTooLong len) =
          "The length of the string (" ++ (show len) ++ ") is bigger than 5!"
      show (OtherError msg) = msg

    -- For our monad type constructor, we use Either LengthError
    -- which represents failure using Left LengthError
    -- or a successful result of type a using Right a.
    type LengthMonad = Either LengthError

    main = do
      putStrLn "Please enter a string:"
      s <- getLine
      reportResult (calculateLength s)

    -- Wraps length calculation to catch the errors.
    -- Returns either length of the string or an error.
    calculateLength :: String -> LengthMonad Int
    calculateLength s = (calculateLengthOrFail s) `catchError` Left

    -- Attempts to calculate length and throws an error if the provided string is
    -- empty or longer than 5 characters.
    -- The processing is done in Either monad.
    calculateLengthOrFail :: String -> LengthMonad Int
    calculateLengthOrFail [] = throwError EmptyString
    calculateLengthOrFail s | len > 5 = throwError (StringTooLong len)
                            | otherwise = return len
      where len = length s

    -- Prints result of the string length calculation.
    reportResult :: LengthMonad Int -> IO ()
    reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len))
    reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e))
Example 2: Using ErrorT Monad Transformer
``ErrorT`` monad transformer can be used to add error handling to another monad. Here is an example how to combine it with an `IO` monad:
    import Control.Monad.Error

    -- An IO monad which can return String failure.
    -- It is convenient to define the monad type of the combined monad,
    -- especially if we combine more monad transformers.
    type LengthMonad = ErrorT String IO

    main = do
      -- runErrorT removes the ErrorT wrapper
      r <- runErrorT calculateLength
      reportResult r

    -- Asks user for a non-empty string and returns its length.
    -- Throws an error if user enters an empty string.
    calculateLength :: LengthMonad Int
    calculateLength = do
      -- all the IO operations have to be lifted to the IO monad in the monad stack
      liftIO $ putStrLn "Please enter a non-empty string: "
      s <- liftIO getLine
      if null s
        then throwError "The string was empty!"
        else return $ length s

    -- Prints result of the string length calculation.
    reportResult :: Either String Int -> IO ()
    reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len))
    reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e))
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