typecheck/TcType.hs

    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

    \section[TcType]{Types used in the typechecker}

    This module provides the Type interface for front-end parts of the
    compiler.  These parts

            * treat "source types" as opaque:
                    newtypes, and predicates are meaningful.
            * look through usage types

    The "tc" prefix is for "TypeChecker", because the type checker
    is the principal client.
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP, MultiWayIf #-}

    module TcType (
      --------------------------------
      -- Types
      TcType, TcSigmaType, TcRhoType, TcTauType, TcPredType, TcThetaType,
      TcTyVar, TcTyVarSet, TcDTyVarSet, TcTyCoVarSet, TcDTyCoVarSet,
      TcKind, TcCoVar, TcTyCoVar, TcTyBinder,

      ExpType(..), ExpSigmaType, ExpRhoType, mkCheckExpType,

      SyntaxOpType(..), synKnownType, mkSynFunTys,

      -- TcLevel
      TcLevel(..), topTcLevel, pushTcLevel, isTopTcLevel,
      strictlyDeeperThan, sameDepthAs, fmvTcLevel,

      --------------------------------
      -- MetaDetails
      UserTypeCtxt(..), pprUserTypeCtxt, pprSigCtxt, isSigMaybe,
      TcTyVarDetails(..), pprTcTyVarDetails, vanillaSkolemTv, superSkolemTv,
      MetaDetails(Flexi, Indirect), MetaInfo(..), TauTvFlavour(..),
      isImmutableTyVar, isSkolemTyVar, isMetaTyVar,  isMetaTyVarTy, isTyVarTy,
      isSigTyVar, isOverlappableTyVar,  isTyConableTyVar,
      isFskTyVar, isFmvTyVar, isFlattenTyVar,
      isAmbiguousTyVar, metaTvRef, metaTyVarInfo,
      isFlexi, isIndirect, isRuntimeUnkSkol,
      metaTyVarTcLevel, setMetaTyVarTcLevel, metaTyVarTcLevel_maybe,
      isTouchableMetaTyVar, isTouchableOrFmv,
      isFloatedTouchableMetaTyVar,
      canUnifyWithPolyType,

      --------------------------------
      -- Builders
      mkPhiTy, mkInvSigmaTy, mkSpecSigmaTy, mkSigmaTy,
      mkNakedTyConApp, mkNakedAppTys, mkNakedAppTy, mkNakedFunTy,
      mkNakedSpecSigmaTy, mkNakedCastTy, mkNakedPhiTy,

      --------------------------------
      -- Splitters
      -- These are important because they do not look through newtypes
      getTyVar,
      tcSplitForAllTy_maybe,
      tcSplitForAllTys, tcSplitPiTys, tcSplitNamedPiTys,
      tcSplitPhiTy, tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe,
      tcSplitFunTy_maybe, tcSplitFunTys, tcFunArgTy, tcFunResultTy, tcSplitFunTysN,
      tcSplitTyConApp, tcSplitTyConApp_maybe, tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe,
      tcTyConAppTyCon, tcTyConAppArgs,
      tcSplitAppTy_maybe, tcSplitAppTy, tcSplitAppTys, tcRepSplitAppTy_maybe,
      tcGetTyVar_maybe, tcGetTyVar, nextRole,
      tcSplitSigmaTy, tcDeepSplitSigmaTy_maybe,

      ---------------------------------
      -- Predicates.
      -- Again, newtypes are opaque
      eqType, eqTypes, cmpType, cmpTypes, eqTypeX,
      pickyEqType, tcEqType, tcEqKind, tcEqTypeNoKindCheck, tcEqTypeVis,
      isSigmaTy, isRhoTy, isRhoExpTy, isOverloadedTy,
      isFloatingTy, isDoubleTy, isFloatTy, isIntTy, isWordTy, isStringTy,
      isIntegerTy, isBoolTy, isUnitTy, isCharTy,
      isTauTy, isTauTyCon, tcIsTyVarTy, tcIsForAllTy,
      isPredTy, isTyVarClassPred, isTyVarExposed, isTyVarUnderDatatype,
      checkValidClsArgs, hasTyVarHead,
      isRigidEqPred, isRigidTy,

      ---------------------------------
      -- Misc type manipulators
      deNoteType, occurCheckExpand, OccCheckResult(..),
      orphNamesOfType, orphNamesOfCo,
      orphNamesOfTypes, orphNamesOfCoCon,
      getDFunTyKey,
      evVarPred_maybe, evVarPred,

      ---------------------------------
      -- Predicate types
      mkMinimalBySCs, transSuperClasses,
      pickQuantifiablePreds,
      immSuperClasses,
      isImprovementPred,

      -- * Finding type instances
      tcTyFamInsts,

      -- * Finding "exact" (non-dead) type variables
      exactTyCoVarsOfType, exactTyCoVarsOfTypes,

      -- * Extracting bound variables
      allBoundVariables, allBoundVariabless,

      ---------------------------------
      -- Foreign import and export
      isFFIArgumentTy,     -- :: DynFlags -> Safety -> Type -> Bool
      isFFIImportResultTy, -- :: DynFlags -> Type -> Bool
      isFFIExportResultTy, -- :: Type -> Bool
      isFFIExternalTy,     -- :: Type -> Bool
      isFFIDynTy,          -- :: Type -> Type -> Bool
      isFFIPrimArgumentTy, -- :: DynFlags -> Type -> Bool
      isFFIPrimResultTy,   -- :: DynFlags -> Type -> Bool
      isFFILabelTy,        -- :: Type -> Bool
      isFFITy,             -- :: Type -> Bool
      isFunPtrTy,          -- :: Type -> Bool
      tcSplitIOType_maybe, -- :: Type -> Maybe Type

      --------------------------------
      -- Rexported from Kind
      Kind, typeKind,
      unliftedTypeKind, liftedTypeKind,
      constraintKind,
      isLiftedTypeKind, isUnliftedTypeKind, classifiesTypeWithValues,

      --------------------------------
      -- Rexported from Type
      Type, PredType, ThetaType, TyBinder, VisibilityFlag(..),

      mkForAllTy, mkForAllTys, mkInvForAllTys, mkSpecForAllTys, mkNamedForAllTy,
      mkFunTy, mkFunTys,
      mkTyConApp, mkAppTy, mkAppTys, applyTys,
      mkTyConTy, mkTyVarTy,
      mkTyVarTys,
      mkNamedBinder,

      isClassPred, isEqPred, isNomEqPred, isIPPred,
      mkClassPred,
      isDictLikeTy,
      tcSplitDFunTy, tcSplitDFunHead,
      isLevityVar, isLevityPolymorphic, isLevityPolymorphic_maybe,
      isVisibleBinder, isInvisibleBinder,

      -- Type substitutions
      TCvSubst(..),         -- Representation visible to a few friends
      TvSubstEnv, emptyTCvSubst,
      zipTvSubst,
      mkTvSubstPrs, notElemTCvSubst, unionTCvSubst,
      getTvSubstEnv, setTvSubstEnv, getTCvInScope, extendTCvInScope,
      extendTCvInScopeList, extendTCvInScopeSet, extendTCvSubstAndInScope,
      Type.lookupTyVar, Type.extendTCvSubst, Type.substTyVarBndr,
      extendTCvSubstList, isInScope, mkTCvSubst, zipTyEnv, zipCoEnv,
      Type.substTy, substTys, substTyWith, substTyWithCoVars,
      substTyAddInScope, substTyUnchecked,
      substTheta,

      isUnLiftedType,       -- Source types are always lifted
      isUnboxedTupleType,   -- Ditto
      isPrimitiveType,

      coreView,

      tyCoVarsOfType, tyCoVarsOfTypes, closeOverKinds,
      tyCoVarsOfTelescope,
      tyCoVarsOfTypeAcc, tyCoVarsOfTypesAcc,
      tyCoVarsOfTypeDSet, tyCoVarsOfTypesDSet, closeOverKindsDSet,
      tyCoVarsOfTypeList, tyCoVarsOfTypesList,

      --------------------------------
      -- Transforming Types to TcTypes
      toTcType,    -- :: Type -> TcType
      toTcTypeBag, -- :: Bag EvVar -> Bag EvVar

      pprKind, pprParendKind, pprSigmaType,
      pprType, pprParendType, pprTypeApp, pprTyThingCategory,
      pprTheta, pprThetaArrowTy, pprClassPred,

      TypeSize, sizeType, sizeTypes, toposortTyVars

      ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    -- friends:
    import Kind
    import TyCoRep
    import Class
    import Var
    import ForeignCall
    import VarSet
    import Coercion
    import Type
    import TyCon

    -- others:
    import DynFlags
    import CoreFVs
    import Name -- hiding (varName)
                -- We use this to make dictionaries for type literals.
                -- Perhaps there's a better way to do this?
    import NameSet
    import VarEnv
    import PrelNames
    import TysWiredIn
    import BasicTypes
    import Util
    import Bag
    import Maybes
    import Pair
    import Outputable
    import FastString
    import ErrUtils( Validity(..), MsgDoc, isValid )
    import FV
    import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt

    import Data.IORef
    import Control.Monad (liftM, ap)
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 709
    import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>) )
    #endif
    import Data.Functor.Identity

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Types}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The type checker divides the generic Type world into the
    following more structured beasts:

    sigma ::= forall tyvars. phi
            -- A sigma type is a qualified type
            --
            -- Note that even if 'tyvars' is empty, theta
            -- may not be: e.g.   (?x::Int) => Int

            -- Note that 'sigma' is in prenex form:
            -- all the foralls are at the front.
            -- A 'phi' type has no foralls to the right of
            -- an arrow

    phi :: theta => rho

    rho ::= sigma -> rho
         |  tau

    -- A 'tau' type has no quantification anywhere
    -- Note that the args of a type constructor must be taus
    tau ::= tyvar
         |  tycon tau_1 .. tau_n
         |  tau_1 tau_2
         |  tau_1 -> tau_2

    -- In all cases, a (saturated) type synonym application is legal,
    -- provided it expands to the required form.
    -}

    type TcTyVar = TyVar    -- Used only during type inference
    type TcCoVar = CoVar    -- Used only during type inference
    type TcType = Type      -- A TcType can have mutable type variables
    type TcTyCoVar = Var    -- Either a TcTyVar or a CoVar
            -- Invariant on ForAllTy in TcTypes:
            --      forall a. T
            -- a cannot occur inside a MutTyVar in T; that is,
            -- T is "flattened" before quantifying over a
    type TcTyBinder = TyBinder

    -- These types do not have boxy type variables in them
    type TcPredType     = PredType
    type TcThetaType    = ThetaType
    type TcSigmaType    = TcType
    type TcRhoType      = TcType  -- Note [TcRhoType]
    type TcTauType      = TcType
    type TcKind         = Kind
    type TcTyVarSet     = TyVarSet
    type TcTyCoVarSet   = TyCoVarSet
    type TcDTyVarSet    = DTyVarSet
    type TcDTyCoVarSet  = DTyCoVarSet

    -- | An expected type to check against during type-checking.
    -- See Note [ExpType] in TcMType, where you'll also find manipulators.
    data ExpType = Check TcType
                 | Infer Unique  -- for debugging only
                         TcLevel -- See Note [TcLevel of ExpType] in TcMType
                         Kind
                         (IORef (Maybe TcType))

    type ExpSigmaType = ExpType
    type ExpRhoType   = ExpType

    instance Outputable ExpType where
      ppr (Check ty) = ppr ty
      ppr (Infer u lvl ki _)
        = parens (text "Infer" <> braces (ppr u <> comma <> ppr lvl)
                  <+> dcolon <+> ppr ki)

    -- | Make an 'ExpType' suitable for checking.
    mkCheckExpType :: TcType -> ExpType
    mkCheckExpType = Check

    -- | What to expect for an argument to a rebindable-syntax operator.
    -- Quite like 'Type', but allows for holes to be filled in by tcSyntaxOp.
    -- The callback called from tcSyntaxOp gets a list of types; the meaning
    -- of these types is determined by a left-to-right depth-first traversal
    -- of the 'SyntaxOpType' tree. So if you pass in
    --
    -- > SynAny `SynFun` (SynList `SynFun` SynType Int) `SynFun` SynAny
    --
    -- you'll get three types back: one for the first 'SynAny', the /element/
    -- type of the list, and one for the last 'SynAny'. You don't get anything
    -- for the 'SynType', because you've said positively that it should be an
    -- Int, and so it shall be.
    --
    -- This is defined here to avoid defining it in TcExpr.hs-boot.
    data SyntaxOpType
      = SynAny     -- ^ Any type
      | SynRho     -- ^ A rho type, deeply skolemised or instantiated as appropriate
      | SynList    -- ^ A list type. You get back the element type of the list
      | SynFun SyntaxOpType SyntaxOpType
                   -- ^ A function.
      | SynType ExpType   -- ^ A known type.
    infixr 0 `SynFun`

    -- | Like 'SynType' but accepts a regular TcType
    synKnownType :: TcType -> SyntaxOpType
    synKnownType = SynType . mkCheckExpType

    -- | Like 'mkFunTys' but for 'SyntaxOpType'
    mkSynFunTys :: [SyntaxOpType] -> ExpType -> SyntaxOpType
    mkSynFunTys arg_tys res_ty = foldr SynFun (SynType res_ty) arg_tys

    {-
    Note [TcRhoType]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    A TcRhoType has no foralls or contexts at the top, or to the right of an arrow
      YES    (forall a. a->a) -> Int
      NO     forall a. a ->  Int
      NO     Eq a => a -> a
      NO     Int -> forall a. a -> Int

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{TyVarDetails}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    TyVarDetails gives extra info about type variables, used during type
    checking.  It's attached to mutable type variables only.
    It's knot-tied back to Var.hs.  There is no reason in principle
    why Var.hs shouldn't actually have the definition, but it "belongs" here.

    Note [Signature skolems]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider this

      f :: forall a. [a] -> Int
      f (x::b : xs) = 3

    Here 'b' is a lexically scoped type variable, but it turns out to be
    the same as the skolem 'a'.  So we have a special kind of skolem
    constant, SigTv, which can unify with other SigTvs. They are used
    *only* for pattern type signatures.

    Similarly consider
      data T (a:k1) = MkT (S a)
      data S (b:k2) = MkS (T b)
    When doing kind inference on {S,T} we don't want *skolems* for k1,k2,
    because they end up unifying; we want those SigTvs again.

    Note [TyVars and TcTyVars]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The Var type has constructors TyVar and TcTyVar.  They are used
    as follows:

    * TcTyVar: used only during type checking.  Should never appear
      afterwards.  May contain a mutable field, in the MetaTv case.

    * TyVar: can appear any time.  During type checking they behave
      precisely like (SkolemTv False) = vanillaSkolemTv
    -}

    -- A TyVarDetails is inside a TyVar
    -- See Note [TyVars and TcTyVars]
    data TcTyVarDetails
      = SkolemTv      -- A skolem
           Bool       -- True <=> this skolem type variable can be overlapped
                      --          when looking up instances
                      -- See Note [Binding when looking up instances] in InstEnv

      | FlatSkol      -- A flatten-skolem.  It stands for the TcType, and zonking
           TcType     -- will replace it by that type.
                      -- See Note [The flattening story] in TcFlatten

      | RuntimeUnk    -- Stands for an as-yet-unknown type in the GHCi
                      -- interactive context

      | MetaTv { mtv_info  :: MetaInfo
               , mtv_ref   :: IORef MetaDetails
               , mtv_tclvl :: TcLevel }  -- See Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables]

    vanillaSkolemTv, superSkolemTv :: TcTyVarDetails
    -- See Note [Binding when looking up instances] in InstEnv
    vanillaSkolemTv = SkolemTv False  -- Might be instantiated
    superSkolemTv   = SkolemTv True   -- Treat this as a completely distinct type

    -----------------------------
    data MetaDetails
      = Flexi  -- Flexi type variables unify to become Indirects
      | Indirect TcType

    instance Outputable MetaDetails where
      ppr Flexi         = text "Flexi"
      ppr (Indirect ty) = text "Indirect" <+> ppr ty

    data TauTvFlavour
      = VanillaTau
      | WildcardTau    -- ^ A tyvar that originates from a type wildcard.

    data MetaInfo
       = TauTv         -- This MetaTv is an ordinary unification variable
                       -- A TauTv is always filled in with a tau-type, which
                       -- never contains any ForAlls.

       | SigTv         -- A variant of TauTv, except that it should not be
                       -- unified with a type, only with a type variable
                       -- SigTvs are only distinguished to improve error messages
                       --      see Note [Signature skolems]
                       --      The MetaDetails, if filled in, will
                       --      always be another SigTv or a SkolemTv

       | FlatMetaTv    -- A flatten meta-tyvar
                       -- It is a meta-tyvar, but it is always untouchable, with level 0
                       -- See Note [The flattening story] in TcFlatten

    -------------------------------------
    -- UserTypeCtxt describes the origin of the polymorphic type
    -- in the places where we need to an expression has that type

    data UserTypeCtxt
      = FunSigCtxt      -- Function type signature, when checking the type
                        -- Also used for types in SPECIALISE pragmas
           Name              -- Name of the function
           Bool              -- True <=> report redundant constraints
                                -- This is usually True, but False for
                                --   * Record selectors (not important here)
                                --   * Class and instance methods.  Here
                                --     the code may legitimately be more
                                --     polymorphic than the signature
                                --     generated from the class
                                --     declaration

      | InfSigCtxt Name     -- Inferred type for function
      | ExprSigCtxt         -- Expression type signature
      | TypeAppCtxt         -- Visible type application
      | ConArgCtxt Name     -- Data constructor argument
      | TySynCtxt Name      -- RHS of a type synonym decl
      | PatSynCtxt Name     -- Type sig for a pattern synonym
                            --   eg  pattern C :: Int -> T
      | PatSigCtxt          -- Type sig in pattern
                            --   eg  f (x::t) = ...
                            --   or  (x::t, y) = e
      | RuleSigCtxt Name    -- LHS of a RULE forall
                            --    RULE "foo" forall (x :: a -> a). f (Just x) = ...
      | ResSigCtxt          -- Result type sig
                            --      f x :: t = ....
      | ForSigCtxt Name     -- Foreign import or export signature
      | DefaultDeclCtxt     -- Types in a default declaration
      | InstDeclCtxt        -- An instance declaration
      | SpecInstCtxt        -- SPECIALISE instance pragma
      | ThBrackCtxt         -- Template Haskell type brackets [t| ... |]
      | GenSigCtxt          -- Higher-rank or impredicative situations
                            -- e.g. (f e) where f has a higher-rank type
                            -- We might want to elaborate this
      | GhciCtxt            -- GHCi command :kind <type>

      | ClassSCCtxt Name    -- Superclasses of a class
      | SigmaCtxt           -- Theta part of a normal for-all type
                            --      f :: <S> => a -> a
      | DataTyCtxt Name     -- Theta part of a data decl
                            --      data <S> => T a = MkT a

    {-
    -- Notes re TySynCtxt
    -- We allow type synonyms that aren't types; e.g.  type List = []
    --
    -- If the RHS mentions tyvars that aren't in scope, we'll
    -- quantify over them:
    --      e.g.    type T = a->a
    -- will become  type T = forall a. a->a
    --
    -- With gla-exts that's right, but for H98 we should complain.
    -}

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Untoucable type variables
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    newtype TcLevel = TcLevel Int deriving( Eq, Ord )
      -- See Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables] for what this Int is
      -- See also Note [TcLevel assignment]

    {-
    Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    * Each unification variable (MetaTv)
      and each Implication
      has a level number (of type TcLevel)

    * INVARIANTS.  In a tree of Implications,

        (ImplicInv) The level number of an Implication is
                    STRICTLY GREATER THAN that of its parent

        (MetaTvInv) The level number of a unification variable is
                    LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO that of its parent
                    implication

    * A unification variable is *touchable* if its level number
      is EQUAL TO that of its immediate parent implication.

    * INVARIANT
        (GivenInv)  The free variables of the ic_given of an
                    implication are all untouchable; ie their level
                    numbers are LESS THAN the ic_tclvl of the implication

    Note [Skolem escape prevention]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We only unify touchable unification variables.  Because of
    (MetaTvInv), there can be no occurrences of the variable further out,
    so the unification can't cause the skolems to escape. Example:
         data T = forall a. MkT a (a->Int)
         f x (MkT v f) = length [v,x]
    We decide (x::alpha), and generate an implication like
          [1]forall a. (a ~ alpha[0])
    But we must not unify alpha:=a, because the skolem would escape.

    For the cases where we DO want to unify, we rely on floating the
    equality.   Example (with same T)
         g x (MkT v f) = x && True
    We decide (x::alpha), and generate an implication like
          [1]forall a. (Bool ~ alpha[0])
    We do NOT unify directly, bur rather float out (if the constraint
    does not mention 'a') to get
          (Bool ~ alpha[0]) /\ [1]forall a.()
    and NOW we can unify alpha.

    The same idea of only unifying touchables solves another problem.
    Suppose we had
       (F Int ~ uf[0])  /\  [1](forall a. C a => F Int ~ beta[1])
    In this example, beta is touchable inside the implication. The
    first solveSimpleWanteds step leaves 'uf' un-unified. Then we move inside
    the implication where a new constraint
           uf  ~  beta
    emerges. If we (wrongly) spontaneously solved it to get uf := beta,
    the whole implication disappears but when we pop out again we are left with
    (F Int ~ uf) which will be unified by our final zonking stage and
    uf will get unified *once more* to (F Int).

    Note [TcLevel assignment]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We arrange the TcLevels like this

       1   Top level
       2     Flatten-meta-vars of level 3
       3   First-level implication constraints
       4     Flatten-meta-vars of level 5
       5   Second-level implication constraints
       ...etc...

    The even-numbered levels are for the flatten-meta-variables assigned
    at the next level in.  Eg for a second-level implication conststraint
    (level 5), the flatten meta-vars are level 4, which makes them untouchable.
    The flatten meta-vars could equally well all have level 0, or just NotALevel
    since they do not live across implications.
    -}

    fmvTcLevel :: TcLevel -> TcLevel
    -- See Note [TcLevel assignment]
    fmvTcLevel (TcLevel n) = TcLevel (n-1)

    topTcLevel :: TcLevel
    -- See Note [TcLevel assignment]
    topTcLevel = TcLevel 1   -- 1 = outermost level

    isTopTcLevel :: TcLevel -> Bool
    isTopTcLevel (TcLevel 1) = True
    isTopTcLevel _           = False

    pushTcLevel :: TcLevel -> TcLevel
    -- See Note [TcLevel assignment]
    pushTcLevel (TcLevel us) = TcLevel (us + 2)

    strictlyDeeperThan :: TcLevel -> TcLevel -> Bool
    strictlyDeeperThan (TcLevel tv_tclvl) (TcLevel ctxt_tclvl)
      = tv_tclvl > ctxt_tclvl

    sameDepthAs :: TcLevel -> TcLevel -> Bool
    sameDepthAs (TcLevel ctxt_tclvl) (TcLevel tv_tclvl)
      = ctxt_tclvl == tv_tclvl   -- NB: invariant ctxt_tclvl >= tv_tclvl
                                 --     So <= would be equivalent

    checkTcLevelInvariant :: TcLevel -> TcLevel -> Bool
    -- Checks (MetaTvInv) from Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables]
    checkTcLevelInvariant (TcLevel ctxt_tclvl) (TcLevel tv_tclvl)
      = ctxt_tclvl >= tv_tclvl

    instance Outputable TcLevel where
      ppr (TcLevel us) = ppr us

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Pretty-printing
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    pprTcTyVarDetails :: TcTyVarDetails -> SDoc
    -- For debugging
    pprTcTyVarDetails (SkolemTv True)  = text "ssk"
    pprTcTyVarDetails (SkolemTv False) = text "sk"
    pprTcTyVarDetails (RuntimeUnk {})  = text "rt"
    pprTcTyVarDetails (FlatSkol {})    = text "fsk"
    pprTcTyVarDetails (MetaTv { mtv_info = info, mtv_tclvl = tclvl })
      = pp_info <> colon <> ppr tclvl
      where
        pp_info = case info of
                    TauTv      -> text "tau"
                    SigTv      -> text "sig"
                    FlatMetaTv -> text "fuv"

    pprUserTypeCtxt :: UserTypeCtxt -> SDoc
    pprUserTypeCtxt (FunSigCtxt n _)  = text "the type signature for" <+> quotes (ppr n)
    pprUserTypeCtxt (InfSigCtxt n)    = text "the inferred type for" <+> quotes (ppr n)
    pprUserTypeCtxt (RuleSigCtxt n)   = text "a RULE for" <+> quotes (ppr n)
    pprUserTypeCtxt ExprSigCtxt       = text "an expression type signature"
    pprUserTypeCtxt TypeAppCtxt       = text "a type argument"
    pprUserTypeCtxt (ConArgCtxt c)    = text "the type of the constructor" <+> quotes (ppr c)
    pprUserTypeCtxt (TySynCtxt c)     = text "the RHS of the type synonym" <+> quotes (ppr c)
    pprUserTypeCtxt (PatSynCtxt c)    = text "the type signature for pattern synonym" <+> quotes (ppr c)
    pprUserTypeCtxt ThBrackCtxt       = text "a Template Haskell quotation [t|...|]"
    pprUserTypeCtxt PatSigCtxt        = text "a pattern type signature"
    pprUserTypeCtxt ResSigCtxt        = text "a result type signature"
    pprUserTypeCtxt (ForSigCtxt n)    = text "the foreign declaration for" <+> quotes (ppr n)
    pprUserTypeCtxt DefaultDeclCtxt   = text "a type in a `default' declaration"
    pprUserTypeCtxt InstDeclCtxt      = text "an instance declaration"
    pprUserTypeCtxt SpecInstCtxt      = text "a SPECIALISE instance pragma"
    pprUserTypeCtxt GenSigCtxt        = text "a type expected by the context"
    pprUserTypeCtxt GhciCtxt          = text "a type in a GHCi command"
    pprUserTypeCtxt (ClassSCCtxt c)   = text "the super-classes of class" <+> quotes (ppr c)
    pprUserTypeCtxt SigmaCtxt         = text "the context of a polymorphic type"
    pprUserTypeCtxt (DataTyCtxt tc)   = text "the context of the data type declaration for" <+> quotes (ppr tc)

    pprSigCtxt :: UserTypeCtxt -> SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc
    -- (pprSigCtxt ctxt <extra> <type>)
    -- prints    In <extra> the type signature for 'f':
    --              f :: <type>
    -- The <extra> is either empty or "the ambiguity check for"
    pprSigCtxt ctxt extra pp_ty
      | Just n <- isSigMaybe ctxt
      = vcat [ text "In" <+> extra <+> ptext (sLit "the type signature:")
             , nest 2 (pprPrefixOcc n <+> dcolon <+> pp_ty) ]

      | otherwise
      = hang (text "In" <+> extra <+> pprUserTypeCtxt ctxt <> colon)
           2 pp_ty

      where

    isSigMaybe :: UserTypeCtxt -> Maybe Name
    isSigMaybe (FunSigCtxt n _) = Just n
    isSigMaybe (ConArgCtxt n)   = Just n
    isSigMaybe (ForSigCtxt n)   = Just n
    isSigMaybe (PatSynCtxt n)   = Just n
    isSigMaybe _                = Nothing

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                  *
        Finding type family instances
    *                  *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- | Finds outermost type-family applications occuring in a type,
    -- after expanding synonyms.
    tcTyFamInsts :: Type -> [(TyCon, [Type])]
    tcTyFamInsts ty
      | Just exp_ty <- coreView ty  = tcTyFamInsts exp_ty
    tcTyFamInsts (TyVarTy _)        = []
    tcTyFamInsts (TyConApp tc tys)
      | isTypeFamilyTyCon tc        = [(tc, tys)]
      | otherwise                   = concat (map tcTyFamInsts tys)
    tcTyFamInsts (LitTy {})         = []
    tcTyFamInsts (ForAllTy bndr ty) = tcTyFamInsts (binderType bndr)
                                      ++ tcTyFamInsts ty
    tcTyFamInsts (AppTy ty1 ty2)    = tcTyFamInsts ty1 ++ tcTyFamInsts ty2
    tcTyFamInsts (CastTy ty _)      = tcTyFamInsts ty
    tcTyFamInsts (CoercionTy _)     = []  -- don't count tyfams in coercions,
                                          -- as they never get normalized, anyway
    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                  *
              The "exact" free variables of a type
    *                  *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Silly type synonym]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
      type T a = Int
    What are the free tyvars of (T x)?  Empty, of course!
    Here's the example that Ralf Laemmel showed me:
      foo :: (forall a. C u a -> C u a) -> u
      mappend :: Monoid u => u -> u -> u

      bar :: Monoid u => u
      bar = foo (\t -> t `mappend` t)
    We have to generalise at the arg to f, and we don't
    want to capture the constraint (Monad (C u a)) because
    it appears to mention a.  Pretty silly, but it was useful to him.

    exactTyCoVarsOfType is used by the type checker to figure out exactly
    which type variables are mentioned in a type.  It's also used in the
    smart-app checking code --- see TcExpr.tcIdApp

    On the other hand, consider a *top-level* definition
      f = (\x -> x) :: T a -> T a
    If we don't abstract over 'a' it'll get fixed to GHC.Prim.Any, and then
    if we have an application like (f "x") we get a confusing error message
    involving Any.  So the conclusion is this: when generalising
      - at top level use tyCoVarsOfType
      - in nested bindings use exactTyCoVarsOfType
    See Trac #1813 for example.
    -}

    exactTyCoVarsOfType :: Type -> TyCoVarSet
    -- Find the free type variables (of any kind)
    -- but *expand* type synonyms.  See Note [Silly type synonym] above.
    exactTyCoVarsOfType ty
      = go ty
      where
        go ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = go ty'  -- This is the key line
        go (TyVarTy tv)         = unitVarSet tv
        go (TyConApp _ tys)     = exactTyCoVarsOfTypes tys
        go (LitTy {})           = emptyVarSet
        go (AppTy fun arg)      = go fun `unionVarSet` go arg
        go (ForAllTy bndr ty)   = delBinderVar (go ty) bndr `unionVarSet` go (binderType bndr)
        go (CastTy ty co)       = go ty `unionVarSet` goCo co
        go (CoercionTy co)      = goCo co

        goCo (Refl _ ty)        = go ty
        goCo (TyConAppCo _ _ args)= goCos args
        goCo (AppCo co arg)     = goCo co `unionVarSet` goCo arg
        goCo (ForAllCo tv k_co co)
          = goCo co `delVarSet` tv `unionVarSet` goCo k_co
        goCo (CoVarCo v)         = unitVarSet v `unionVarSet` go (varType v)
        goCo (AxiomInstCo _ _ args) = goCos args
        goCo (UnivCo p _ t1 t2)  = goProv p `unionVarSet` go t1 `unionVarSet` go t2
        goCo (SymCo co)          = goCo co
        goCo (TransCo co1 co2)   = goCo co1 `unionVarSet` goCo co2
        goCo (NthCo _ co)        = goCo co
        goCo (LRCo _ co)         = goCo co
        goCo (InstCo co arg)     = goCo co `unionVarSet` goCo arg
        goCo (CoherenceCo c1 c2) = goCo c1 `unionVarSet` goCo c2
        goCo (KindCo co)         = goCo co
        goCo (SubCo co)          = goCo co
        goCo (AxiomRuleCo _ c)   = goCos c

        goCos cos = foldr (unionVarSet . goCo) emptyVarSet cos

        goProv UnsafeCoerceProv     = emptyVarSet
        goProv (PhantomProv kco)    = goCo kco
        goProv (ProofIrrelProv kco) = goCo kco
        goProv (PluginProv _)       = emptyVarSet
        goProv (HoleProv _)         = emptyVarSet

    exactTyCoVarsOfTypes :: [Type] -> TyVarSet
    exactTyCoVarsOfTypes tys = mapUnionVarSet exactTyCoVarsOfType tys

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                  *
              Bound variables in a type
    *                  *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- | Find all variables bound anywhere in a type.
    -- See also Note [Scope-check inferred kinds] in TcHsType
    allBoundVariables :: Type -> TyVarSet
    allBoundVariables ty = runFVSet $ go ty
      where
        go :: Type -> FV
        go (TyVarTy tv)     = go (tyVarKind tv)
        go (TyConApp _ tys) = mapUnionFV go tys
        go (AppTy t1 t2)    = go t1 `unionFV` go t2
        go (ForAllTy (Anon t1) t2) = go t1 `unionFV` go t2
        go (ForAllTy (Named tv _) t2) = oneVar tv `unionFV`
                                        go (tyVarKind tv) `unionFV` go t2
        go (LitTy {})       = noVars
        go (CastTy ty _)    = go ty
        go (CoercionTy {})  = noVars
          -- any types mentioned in a coercion should also be mentioned in
          -- a type.

    allBoundVariabless :: [Type] -> TyVarSet
    allBoundVariabless = mapUnionVarSet allBoundVariables

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Predicates
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    isTouchableOrFmv :: TcLevel -> TcTyVar -> Bool
    isTouchableOrFmv ctxt_tclvl tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_tclvl = tv_tclvl, mtv_info = info }
            -> ASSERT2( checkTcLevelInvariant ctxt_tclvl tv_tclvl,
                        ppr tv $$ ppr tv_tclvl $$ ppr ctxt_tclvl )
               case info of
                 FlatMetaTv -> True
                 _          -> tv_tclvl `sameDepthAs` ctxt_tclvl
          _          -> False

    isTouchableMetaTyVar :: TcLevel -> TcTyVar -> Bool
    isTouchableMetaTyVar ctxt_tclvl tv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_tclvl = tv_tclvl }
            -> ASSERT2( checkTcLevelInvariant ctxt_tclvl tv_tclvl,
                        ppr tv $$ ppr tv_tclvl $$ ppr ctxt_tclvl )
               tv_tclvl `sameDepthAs` ctxt_tclvl
          _ -> False
      | otherwise = False

    isFloatedTouchableMetaTyVar :: TcLevel -> TcTyVar -> Bool
    isFloatedTouchableMetaTyVar ctxt_tclvl tv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_tclvl = tv_tclvl } -> tv_tclvl `strictlyDeeperThan` ctxt_tclvl
          _ -> False
      | otherwise = False

    isImmutableTyVar :: TyVar -> Bool
    isImmutableTyVar tv
      | isTcTyVar tv = isSkolemTyVar tv
      | otherwise    = True

    isTyConableTyVar, isSkolemTyVar, isOverlappableTyVar,
      isMetaTyVar, isAmbiguousTyVar,
      isFmvTyVar, isFskTyVar, isFlattenTyVar :: TcTyVar -> Bool

    isTyConableTyVar tv
            -- True of a meta-type variable that can be filled in
            -- with a type constructor application; in particular,
            -- not a SigTv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv { mtv_info = SigTv } -> False
            _                           -> True
      | otherwise = True

    isFmvTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv { mtv_info = FlatMetaTv } -> True
            _                                -> False

    -- | True of both given and wanted flatten-skolems (fak and usk)
    isFlattenTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            FlatSkol {}                      -> True
            MetaTv { mtv_info = FlatMetaTv } -> True
            _                                -> False

    -- | True of FlatSkol skolems only
    isFskTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            FlatSkol {} -> True
            _           -> False

    isSkolemTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv {} -> False
            _other    -> True

    isOverlappableTyVar tv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            SkolemTv overlappable -> overlappable
            _                     -> False
      | otherwise = False

    isMetaTyVar tv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv {} -> True
            _         -> False
      | otherwise = False

    -- isAmbiguousTyVar is used only when reporting type errors
    -- It picks out variables that are unbound, namely meta
    -- type variables and the RuntimUnk variables created by
    -- RtClosureInspect.zonkRTTIType.  These are "ambiguous" in
    -- the sense that they stand for an as-yet-unknown type
    isAmbiguousTyVar tv
      | isTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv {}     -> True
            RuntimeUnk {} -> True
            _             -> False
      | otherwise = False

    isMetaTyVarTy :: TcType -> Bool
    isMetaTyVarTy (TyVarTy tv) = isMetaTyVar tv
    isMetaTyVarTy _            = False

    metaTyVarInfo :: TcTyVar -> MetaInfo
    metaTyVarInfo tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_info = info } -> info
          _ -> pprPanic "metaTyVarInfo" (ppr tv)

    metaTyVarTcLevel :: TcTyVar -> TcLevel
    metaTyVarTcLevel tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_tclvl = tclvl } -> tclvl
          _ -> pprPanic "metaTyVarTcLevel" (ppr tv)

    metaTyVarTcLevel_maybe :: TcTyVar -> Maybe TcLevel
    metaTyVarTcLevel_maybe tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          MetaTv { mtv_tclvl = tclvl } -> Just tclvl
          _                            -> Nothing

    setMetaTyVarTcLevel :: TcTyVar -> TcLevel -> TcTyVar
    setMetaTyVarTcLevel tv tclvl
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
          details@(MetaTv {}) -> setTcTyVarDetails tv (details { mtv_tclvl = tclvl })
          _ -> pprPanic "metaTyVarTcLevel" (ppr tv)

    isSigTyVar :: Var -> Bool
    isSigTyVar tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv { mtv_info = SigTv } -> True
            _                           -> False

    metaTvRef :: TyVar -> IORef MetaDetails
    metaTvRef tv
      = case tcTyVarDetails tv of
            MetaTv { mtv_ref = ref } -> ref
            _ -> pprPanic "metaTvRef" (ppr tv)

    isFlexi, isIndirect :: MetaDetails -> Bool
    isFlexi Flexi = True
    isFlexi _     = False

    isIndirect (Indirect _) = True
    isIndirect _            = False

    isRuntimeUnkSkol :: TyVar -> Bool
    -- Called only in TcErrors; see Note [Runtime skolems] there
    isRuntimeUnkSkol x
      | isTcTyVar x, RuntimeUnk <- tcTyVarDetails x = True
      | otherwise                                   = False

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Tau, sigma and rho}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    mkSigmaTy :: [TyBinder] -> [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    mkSigmaTy bndrs theta tau = mkForAllTys bndrs (mkPhiTy theta tau)

    mkInvSigmaTy :: [TyVar] -> [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    mkInvSigmaTy tyvars
      = mkSigmaTy (zipWith mkNamedBinder tyvars (repeat Invisible))

    -- | Make a sigma ty where all type variables are "specified". That is,
    -- they can be used with visible type application
    mkSpecSigmaTy :: [TyVar] -> [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    mkSpecSigmaTy tyvars
      = mkSigmaTy (zipWith mkNamedBinder tyvars (repeat Specified))

    mkPhiTy :: [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    mkPhiTy = mkFunTys

    mkNakedSigmaTy :: [TyBinder] -> [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedSigmaTy bndrs theta tau = mkForAllTys bndrs (mkNakedPhiTy theta tau)

    mkNakedSpecSigmaTy :: [TyVar] -> [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedSpecSigmaTy tyvars
      = mkNakedSigmaTy (zipWith mkNamedBinder tyvars (repeat Specified))

    mkNakedPhiTy :: [PredType] -> Type -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedPhiTy = flip $ foldr mkNakedFunTy

    -- @isTauTy@ tests if a type is "simple"..
    isTauTy :: Type -> Bool
    isTauTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = isTauTy ty'
    isTauTy (TyVarTy _)           = True
    isTauTy (LitTy {})            = True
    isTauTy (TyConApp tc tys)     = all isTauTy tys && isTauTyCon tc
    isTauTy (AppTy a b)           = isTauTy a && isTauTy b
    isTauTy (ForAllTy (Anon a) b) = isTauTy a && isTauTy b
    isTauTy (ForAllTy {})         = False
    isTauTy (CastTy _ _)          = False
    isTauTy (CoercionTy _)        = False

    isTauTyCon :: TyCon -> Bool
    -- Returns False for type synonyms whose expansion is a polytype
    isTauTyCon tc
      | Just (_, rhs) <- synTyConDefn_maybe tc = isTauTy rhs
      | otherwise                              = True

    ---------------
    getDFunTyKey :: Type -> OccName -- Get some string from a type, to be used to
                                    -- construct a dictionary function name
    getDFunTyKey ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = getDFunTyKey ty'
    getDFunTyKey (TyVarTy tv)            = getOccName tv
    getDFunTyKey (TyConApp tc _)         = getOccName tc
    getDFunTyKey (LitTy x)               = getDFunTyLitKey x
    getDFunTyKey (AppTy fun _)           = getDFunTyKey fun
    getDFunTyKey (ForAllTy (Anon _) _)   = getOccName funTyCon
    getDFunTyKey (ForAllTy (Named {}) t) = getDFunTyKey t
    getDFunTyKey (CastTy ty _)           = getDFunTyKey ty
    getDFunTyKey t@(CoercionTy _)        = pprPanic "getDFunTyKey" (ppr t)

    getDFunTyLitKey :: TyLit -> OccName
    getDFunTyLitKey (NumTyLit n) = mkOccName Name.varName (show n)
    getDFunTyLitKey (StrTyLit n) = mkOccName Name.varName (show n)  -- hm

    ---------------
    mkNakedTyConApp :: TyCon -> [Type] -> Type
    -- Builds a TyConApp
    --   * without being strict in TyCon,
    --   * without satisfying the invariants of TyConApp
    -- A subsequent zonking will establish the invariants
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedTyConApp tc tys = TyConApp tc tys

    mkNakedAppTys :: Type -> [Type] -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedAppTys ty1                []   = ty1
    mkNakedAppTys (TyConApp tc tys1) tys2 = mkNakedTyConApp tc (tys1 ++ tys2)
    mkNakedAppTys ty1                tys2 = foldl AppTy ty1 tys2

    mkNakedAppTy :: Type -> Type -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedAppTy ty1 ty2 = mkNakedAppTys ty1 [ty2]

    mkNakedFunTy :: Type -> Type -> Type
    -- See Note [Type-checking inside the knot] in TcHsType
    mkNakedFunTy arg res = ForAllTy (Anon arg) res

    mkNakedCastTy :: Type -> Coercion -> Type
    mkNakedCastTy = CastTy

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Expanding and splitting}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    These tcSplit functions are like their non-Tc analogues, but
            *) they do not look through newtypes

    However, they are non-monadic and do not follow through mutable type
    variables.  It's up to you to make sure this doesn't matter.
    -}

    -- | Splits a forall type into a list of 'TyBinder's and the inner type.
    -- Always succeeds, even if it returns an empty list.
    tcSplitPiTys :: Type -> ([TyBinder], Type)
    tcSplitPiTys = splitPiTys

    tcSplitForAllTy_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (TyBinder, Type)
    tcSplitForAllTy_maybe ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcSplitForAllTy_maybe ty'
    tcSplitForAllTy_maybe (ForAllTy tv ty) = Just (tv, ty)
    tcSplitForAllTy_maybe _                = Nothing

    -- | Like 'tcSplitPiTys', but splits off only named binders, returning
    -- just the tycovars.
    tcSplitForAllTys :: Type -> ([TyVar], Type)
    tcSplitForAllTys = splitForAllTys

    -- | Like 'tcSplitForAllTys', but splits off only named binders.
    tcSplitNamedPiTys :: Type -> ([TyBinder], Type)
    tcSplitNamedPiTys = splitNamedPiTys

    -- | Is this a ForAllTy with a named binder?
    tcIsForAllTy :: Type -> Bool
    tcIsForAllTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcIsForAllTy ty'
    tcIsForAllTy (ForAllTy (Named {}) _) = True
    tcIsForAllTy _                       = False

    tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (PredType, Type)
    -- Split off the first predicate argument from a type
    tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe ty
      | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe ty'
    tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe (ForAllTy (Anon arg) res)
      | isPredTy arg = Just (arg, res)
    tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe _
      = Nothing

    tcSplitPhiTy :: Type -> (ThetaType, Type)
    tcSplitPhiTy ty
      = split ty []
      where
        split ty ts
          = case tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe ty of
              Just (pred, ty) -> split ty (pred:ts)
              Nothing         -> (reverse ts, ty)

    -- | Split a sigma type into its parts.
    tcSplitSigmaTy :: Type -> ([TyVar], ThetaType, Type)
    tcSplitSigmaTy ty = case tcSplitForAllTys ty of
                            (tvs, rho) -> case tcSplitPhiTy rho of
                                            (theta, tau) -> (tvs, theta, tau)

    -----------------------
    tcDeepSplitSigmaTy_maybe
      :: TcSigmaType -> Maybe ([TcType], [TyVar], ThetaType, TcSigmaType)
    -- Looks for a *non-trivial* quantified type, under zero or more function arrows
    -- By "non-trivial" we mean either tyvars or constraints are non-empty

    tcDeepSplitSigmaTy_maybe ty
      | Just (arg_ty, res_ty)           <- tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty
      , Just (arg_tys, tvs, theta, rho) <- tcDeepSplitSigmaTy_maybe res_ty
      = Just (arg_ty:arg_tys, tvs, theta, rho)

      | (tvs, theta, rho) <- tcSplitSigmaTy ty
      , not (null tvs && null theta)
      = Just ([], tvs, theta, rho)

      | otherwise = Nothing

    -----------------------
    tcTyConAppTyCon :: Type -> TyCon
    tcTyConAppTyCon ty = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
                            Just (tc, _) -> tc
                            Nothing      -> pprPanic "tcTyConAppTyCon" (pprType ty)

    tcTyConAppArgs :: Type -> [Type]
    tcTyConAppArgs ty = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
                            Just (_, args) -> args
                            Nothing        -> pprPanic "tcTyConAppArgs" (pprType ty)

    tcSplitTyConApp :: Type -> (TyCon, [Type])
    tcSplitTyConApp ty = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
                            Just stuff -> stuff
                            Nothing    -> pprPanic "tcSplitTyConApp" (pprType ty)

    tcSplitTyConApp_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type])
    tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty'
    tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty                           = tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe ty

    tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type])
    tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe (TyConApp tc tys)          = Just (tc, tys)
    tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe (ForAllTy (Anon arg) res)  = Just (funTyCon, [arg,res])
    tcRepSplitTyConApp_maybe _                          = Nothing

    -----------------------
    tcSplitFunTys :: Type -> ([Type], Type)
    tcSplitFunTys ty = case tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty of
                            Nothing        -> ([], ty)
                            Just (arg,res) -> (arg:args, res')
                                           where
                                              (args,res') = tcSplitFunTys res

    tcSplitFunTy_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (Type, Type)
    tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty         = tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty'
    tcSplitFunTy_maybe (ForAllTy (Anon arg) res)
                                       | not (isPredTy arg) = Just (arg, res)
    tcSplitFunTy_maybe _                                    = Nothing
            -- Note the typeKind guard
            -- Consider     (?x::Int) => Bool
            -- We don't want to treat this as a function type!
            -- A concrete example is test tc230:
            --      f :: () -> (?p :: ()) => () -> ()
            --
            --      g = f () ()

    tcSplitFunTysN
            :: TcRhoType
            -> Arity                -- N: Number of desired args
            -> ([TcSigmaType],      -- Arg types (N or fewer)
                TcSigmaType)        -- The rest of the type

    tcSplitFunTysN ty n_args
      | n_args == 0
      = ([], ty)
      | Just (arg,res) <- tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty
      = case tcSplitFunTysN res (n_args - 1) of
            (args, res) -> (arg:args, res)
      | otherwise
      = ([], ty)

    tcSplitFunTy :: Type -> (Type, Type)
    tcSplitFunTy  ty = expectJust "tcSplitFunTy" (tcSplitFunTy_maybe ty)

    tcFunArgTy :: Type -> Type
    tcFunArgTy    ty = fst (tcSplitFunTy ty)

    tcFunResultTy :: Type -> Type
    tcFunResultTy ty = snd (tcSplitFunTy ty)

    -----------------------
    tcSplitAppTy_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (Type, Type)
    tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty'
    tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty = tcRepSplitAppTy_maybe ty

    tcSplitAppTy :: Type -> (Type, Type)
    tcSplitAppTy ty = case tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty of
                        Just stuff -> stuff
                        Nothing    -> pprPanic "tcSplitAppTy" (pprType ty)

    tcSplitAppTys :: Type -> (Type, [Type])
    tcSplitAppTys ty
      = go ty []
      where
        go ty args = case tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty of
                       Just (ty', arg) -> go ty' (arg:args)
                       Nothing         -> (ty,args)

    -----------------------
    tcGetTyVar_maybe :: Type -> Maybe TyVar
    tcGetTyVar_maybe ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcGetTyVar_maybe ty'
    tcGetTyVar_maybe (TyVarTy tv)   = Just tv
    tcGetTyVar_maybe _              = Nothing

    tcGetTyVar :: String -> Type -> TyVar
    tcGetTyVar msg ty = expectJust msg (tcGetTyVar_maybe ty)

    tcIsTyVarTy :: Type -> Bool
    tcIsTyVarTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = tcIsTyVarTy ty'
    tcIsTyVarTy (CastTy ty _) = tcIsTyVarTy ty  -- look through casts, as
                                                -- this is only used for
                                                -- e.g., FlexibleContexts
    tcIsTyVarTy (TyVarTy _)   = True
    tcIsTyVarTy _             = False

    -----------------------
    tcSplitDFunTy :: Type -> ([TyVar], [Type], Class, [Type])
    -- Split the type of a dictionary function
    -- We don't use tcSplitSigmaTy,  because a DFun may (with NDP)
    -- have non-Pred arguments, such as
    --     df :: forall m. (forall b. Eq b => Eq (m b)) -> C m
    --
    -- Also NB splitFunTys, not tcSplitFunTys;
    -- the latter  specifically stops at PredTy arguments,
    -- and we don't want to do that here
    tcSplitDFunTy ty
      = case tcSplitForAllTys ty   of { (tvs, rho)    ->
        case splitFunTys rho       of { (theta, tau)  ->
        case tcSplitDFunHead tau   of { (clas, tys)   ->
        (tvs, theta, clas, tys) }}}

    tcSplitDFunHead :: Type -> (Class, [Type])
    tcSplitDFunHead = getClassPredTys

    tcEqKind :: TcKind -> TcKind -> Bool
    tcEqKind = tcEqType

    tcEqType :: TcType -> TcType -> Bool
    -- tcEqType is a proper implements the same Note [Non-trivial definitional
    -- equality] (in TyCoRep) as `eqType`, but Type.eqType believes (* ==
    -- Constraint), and that is NOT what we want in the type checker!
    tcEqType ty1 ty2
      = isNothing (tc_eq_type coreView ki1 ki2) &&
        isNothing (tc_eq_type coreView ty1 ty2)
      where
        ki1 = typeKind ty1
        ki2 = typeKind ty2

    -- | Just like 'tcEqType', but will return True for types of different kinds
    -- as long as their non-coercion structure is identical.
    tcEqTypeNoKindCheck :: TcType -> TcType -> Bool
    tcEqTypeNoKindCheck ty1 ty2
      = isNothing $ tc_eq_type coreView ty1 ty2

    -- | Like 'tcEqType', but returns information about whether the difference
    -- is visible in the case of a mismatch. A return of Nothing means the types
    -- are 'tcEqType'.
    tcEqTypeVis :: TcType -> TcType -> Maybe VisibilityFlag
    tcEqTypeVis ty1 ty2
      = tc_eq_type coreView ty1 ty2 <!> tc_eq_type coreView ki1 ki2
      where
        ki1 = typeKind ty1
        ki2 = typeKind ty2

    (<!>) :: Maybe VisibilityFlag -> Maybe VisibilityFlag -> Maybe VisibilityFlag
    Nothing        <!> x            = x
    Just Visible   <!> _            = Just Visible
    Just _inv      <!> Just Visible = Just Visible
    Just inv       <!> _            = Just inv
    infixr 3 <!>

    -- | Real worker for 'tcEqType'. No kind check!
    tc_eq_type :: (TcType -> Maybe TcType)  -- ^ @coreView@, if you want unwrapping
               -> Type -> Type -> Maybe VisibilityFlag
    tc_eq_type view_fun orig_ty1 orig_ty2 = go Visible orig_env orig_ty1 orig_ty2
      where
        go vis env t1 t2 | Just t1' <- view_fun t1 = go vis env t1' t2
        go vis env t1 t2 | Just t2' <- view_fun t2 = go vis env t1 t2'

        go vis env (TyVarTy tv1)       (TyVarTy tv2)
          = check vis $ rnOccL env tv1 == rnOccR env tv2

        go vis _   (LitTy lit1)        (LitTy lit2)
          = check vis $ lit1 == lit2

        go vis env (ForAllTy (Named tv1 vis1) ty1)
                   (ForAllTy (Named tv2 vis2) ty2)
          = go vis1 env (tyVarKind tv1) (tyVarKind tv2)
              <!> go vis (rnBndr2 env tv1 tv2) ty1 ty2
              <!> check vis (vis1 == vis2)
        go vis env (ForAllTy (Anon arg1) res1) (ForAllTy (Anon arg2) res2)
          = go vis env arg1 arg2 <!> go vis env res1 res2

          -- See Note [Equality on AppTys] in Type
        go vis env (AppTy s1 t1)        ty2
          | Just (s2, t2) <- tcRepSplitAppTy_maybe ty2
          = go vis env s1 s2 <!> go vis env t1 t2
        go vis env ty1                  (AppTy s2 t2)
          | Just (s1, t1) <- tcRepSplitAppTy_maybe ty1
          = go vis env s1 s2 <!> go vis env t1 t2
        go vis env (TyConApp tc1 ts1)   (TyConApp tc2 ts2)
          = check vis (tc1 == tc2) <!> gos (tc_vis tc1) env ts1 ts2
        go vis env (CastTy t1 _)        t2              = go vis env t1 t2
        go vis env t1                   (CastTy t2 _)   = go vis env t1 t2
        go _   _   (CoercionTy {})      (CoercionTy {}) = Nothing
        go vis _   _                    _               = Just vis

        gos _      _   []       []       = Nothing
        gos (v:vs) env (t1:ts1) (t2:ts2) = go v env t1 t2 <!> gos vs env ts1 ts2
        gos (v:_)  _   _        _        = Just v
        gos _      _   _        _        = panic "tc_eq_type"

        tc_vis :: TyCon -> [VisibilityFlag]
        tc_vis tc = viss ++ repeat Visible
           -- the repeat Visible is necessary because tycons can legitimately
           -- be oversaturated
          where
            k          = tyConKind tc
            (bndrs, _) = splitPiTys k
            viss       = map binderVisibility bndrs

        check :: VisibilityFlag -> Bool -> Maybe VisibilityFlag
        check _   True  = Nothing
        check vis False = Just vis

        orig_env = mkRnEnv2 $ mkInScopeSet $ tyCoVarsOfTypes [orig_ty1, orig_ty2]

    -- | Like 'pickyEqTypeVis', but returns a Bool for convenience
    pickyEqType :: TcType -> TcType -> Bool
    -- Check when two types _look_ the same, _including_ synonyms.
    -- So (pickyEqType String [Char]) returns False
    -- This ignores kinds and coercions, because this is used only for printing.
    pickyEqType ty1 ty2
      = isNothing $
        tc_eq_type (const Nothing) ty1 ty2

    {-
    Note [Occurs check expansion]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    (occurCheckExpand tv xi) expands synonyms in xi just enough to get rid
    of occurrences of tv outside type function arguments, if that is
    possible; otherwise, it returns Nothing.

    For example, suppose we have
      type F a b = [a]
    Then
      occurCheckExpand b (F Int b) = Just [Int]
    but
      occurCheckExpand a (F a Int) = Nothing

    We don't promise to do the absolute minimum amount of expanding
    necessary, but we try not to do expansions we don't need to.  We
    prefer doing inner expansions first.  For example,
      type F a b = (a, Int, a, [a])
      type G b   = Char
    We have
      occurCheckExpand b (F (G b)) = F Char
    even though we could also expand F to get rid of b.

    See also Note [occurCheckExpand] in TcCanonical
    -}

    data OccCheckResult a
      = OC_OK a
      | OC_Forall
      | OC_NonTyVar
      | OC_Occurs

    instance Functor OccCheckResult where
          fmap = liftM

    instance Applicative OccCheckResult where
          pure = OC_OK
          (<*>) = ap

    instance Monad OccCheckResult where
      return            = pure
      OC_OK x     >>= k = k x
      OC_Forall   >>= _ = OC_Forall
      OC_NonTyVar >>= _ = OC_NonTyVar
      OC_Occurs   >>= _ = OC_Occurs

    occurCheckExpand :: DynFlags -> TcTyVar -> Type -> OccCheckResult Type
    -- See Note [Occurs check expansion]
    -- Check whether
    --   a) the given variable occurs in the given type.
    --   b) there is a forall in the type (unless we have -XImpredicativeTypes)
    --   c) if it's a SigTv, ty should be a tyvar
    --
    -- We may have needed to do some type synonym unfolding in order to
    -- get rid of the variable (or forall), so we also return the unfolded
    -- version of the type, which is guaranteed to be syntactically free
    -- of the given type variable.  If the type is already syntactically
    -- free of the variable, then the same type is returned.

    occurCheckExpand dflags tv ty
      | MetaTv { mtv_info = SigTv } <- details
                      = go_sig_tv ty
      | fast_check ty = return ty
      | otherwise     = go emptyVarEnv ty
      where
        details = tcTyVarDetails tv

        impredicative = canUnifyWithPolyType dflags details

        -- Check 'ty' is a tyvar, or can be expanded into one
        go_sig_tv ty@(TyVarTy tv')
          | fast_check (tyVarKind tv') = return ty
          | otherwise                  = do { k' <- go emptyVarEnv (tyVarKind tv')
                                            ; return (mkTyVarTy (setTyVarKind tv' k')) }
        go_sig_tv ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = go_sig_tv ty'
        go_sig_tv _                            = OC_NonTyVar

        -- True => fine
        fast_check (LitTy {})          = True
        fast_check (TyVarTy tv')       = tv /= tv' && fast_check (tyVarKind tv')
        fast_check (TyConApp tc tys)   = all fast_check tys && (isTauTyCon tc || impredicative)
        fast_check (ForAllTy (Anon a) r) = fast_check a && fast_check r
        fast_check (AppTy fun arg)     = fast_check fun && fast_check arg
        fast_check (ForAllTy (Named tv' _) ty)
                                       = impredicative
                                       && fast_check (tyVarKind tv')
                                       && (tv == tv' || fast_check ty)
        fast_check (CastTy ty co)      = fast_check ty && fast_check_co co
        fast_check (CoercionTy co)     = fast_check_co co

         -- we really are only doing an occurs check here; no bother about
         -- impredicativity in coercions, as they're inferred
        fast_check_co co = not (tv `elemVarSet` tyCoVarsOfCo co)

        go :: VarEnv TyVar  -- carries mappings necessary because of kind expansion
           -> Type -> OccCheckResult Type
        go env (TyVarTy tv')
          | tv == tv'                         = OC_Occurs
          | Just tv'' <- lookupVarEnv env tv' = return (mkTyVarTy tv'')
          | otherwise                         = do { k' <- go env (tyVarKind tv')
                                                   ; return (mkTyVarTy $
                                                             setTyVarKind tv' k') }
        go _   ty@(LitTy {}) = return ty
        go env (AppTy ty1 ty2) = do { ty1' <- go env ty1
                                    ; ty2' <- go env ty2
                                    ; return (mkAppTy ty1' ty2') }
        go env (ForAllTy (Anon ty1) ty2)
                               = do { ty1' <- go env ty1
                                    ; ty2' <- go env ty2
                                    ; return (mkFunTy ty1' ty2') }
        go env ty@(ForAllTy (Named tv' vis) body_ty)
           | not impredicative = OC_Forall
           | tv == tv'         = return ty
           | otherwise         = do { ki' <- go env ki
                                    ; let tv'' = setTyVarKind tv' ki'
                                          env' = extendVarEnv env tv' tv''
                                    ; body' <- go env' body_ty
                                    ; return (ForAllTy (Named tv'' vis) body') }
          where ki = tyVarKind tv'

        -- For a type constructor application, first try expanding away the
        -- offending variable from the arguments.  If that doesn't work, next
        -- see if the type constructor is a type synonym, and if so, expand
        -- it and try again.
        go env ty@(TyConApp tc tys)
          = case do { tys <- mapM (go env) tys
                    ; return (mkTyConApp tc tys) } of
              OC_OK ty
                  | impredicative || isTauTyCon tc
                  -> return ty  -- First try to eliminate the tyvar from the args
                  | otherwise
                  -> OC_Forall  -- A type synonym with a forall on the RHS
              bad | Just ty' <- coreView ty -> go env ty'
                  | otherwise               -> bad
                          -- Failing that, try to expand a synonym

        go env (CastTy ty co) =  do { ty' <- go env ty
                                    ; co' <- go_co env co
                                    ; return (mkCastTy ty' co') }
        go env (CoercionTy co) = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                    ; return (mkCoercionTy co') }

        go_co env (Refl r ty)               = do { ty' <- go env ty
                                                 ; return (mkReflCo r ty') }
          -- Note: Coercions do not contain type synonyms
        go_co env (TyConAppCo r tc args)    = do { args' <- mapM (go_co env) args
                                                 ; return (mkTyConAppCo r tc args') }
        go_co env (AppCo co arg)            = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; arg' <- go_co env arg
                                                 ; return (mkAppCo co' arg') }
        go_co env co@(ForAllCo tv' kind_co body_co)
          | not impredicative = OC_Forall
          | tv == tv'         = return co
          | otherwise         = do { kind_co' <- go_co env kind_co
                                   ; let tv'' = setTyVarKind tv' $
                                                pFst (coercionKind kind_co')
                                         env' = extendVarEnv env tv' tv''
                                   ; body' <- go_co env' body_co
                                   ; return (ForAllCo tv'' kind_co' body') }
        go_co env (CoVarCo c)               = do { k' <- go env (varType c)
                                                 ; return (mkCoVarCo (setVarType c k')) }
        go_co env (AxiomInstCo ax ind args) = do { args' <- mapM (go_co env) args
                                                 ; return (mkAxiomInstCo ax ind args') }
        go_co env (UnivCo p r ty1 ty2)      = do { p' <- go_prov env p
                                                 ; ty1' <- go env ty1
                                                 ; ty2' <- go env ty2
                                                 ; return (mkUnivCo p' r ty1' ty2') }
        go_co env (SymCo co)                = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; return (mkSymCo co') }
        go_co env (TransCo co1 co2)         = do { co1' <- go_co env co1
                                                 ; co2' <- go_co env co2
                                                 ; return (mkTransCo co1' co2') }
        go_co env (NthCo n co)              = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; return (mkNthCo n co') }
        go_co env (LRCo lr co)              = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; return (mkLRCo lr co') }
        go_co env (InstCo co arg)           = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; arg' <- go_co env arg
                                                 ; return (mkInstCo co' arg') }
        go_co env (CoherenceCo co1 co2)     = do { co1' <- go_co env co1
                                                 ; co2' <- go_co env co2
                                                 ; return (mkCoherenceCo co1' co2') }
        go_co env (KindCo co)               = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; return (mkKindCo co') }
        go_co env (SubCo co)                = do { co' <- go_co env co
                                                 ; return (mkSubCo co') }
        go_co env (AxiomRuleCo ax cs)       = do { cs' <- mapM (go_co env) cs
                                                 ; return (mkAxiomRuleCo ax cs') }

        go_prov _   UnsafeCoerceProv    = return UnsafeCoerceProv
        go_prov env (PhantomProv co)    = PhantomProv <$> go_co env co
        go_prov env (ProofIrrelProv co) = ProofIrrelProv <$> go_co env co
        go_prov _   p@(PluginProv _)    = return p
        go_prov _   p@(HoleProv _)      = return p

    canUnifyWithPolyType :: DynFlags -> TcTyVarDetails -> Bool
    canUnifyWithPolyType dflags details
      = case details of
          MetaTv { mtv_info = SigTv }    -> False
          MetaTv { mtv_info = TauTv }    -> xopt LangExt.ImpredicativeTypes dflags
          _other                         -> True
              -- We can have non-meta tyvars in given constraints

    {- Note [Expanding superclasses]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When we expand superclasses, we use the following algorithm:

    expand( so_far, pred ) returns the transitive superclasses of pred,
                                   not including pred itself
     1. If pred is not a class constraint, return empty set
           Otherwise pred = C ts
     2. If C is in so_far, return empty set (breaks loops)
     3. Find the immediate superclasses constraints of (C ts)
     4. For each such sc_pred, return (sc_pred : expand( so_far+C, D ss )

    Notice that

     * With normal Haskell-98 classes, the loop-detector will never bite,
       so we'll get all the superclasses.

     * Since there is only a finite number of distinct classes, expansion
       must terminate.

     * The loop breaking is a bit conservative. Notably, a tuple class
       could contain many times without threatening termination:
          (Eq a, (Ord a, Ix a))
       And this is try of any class that we can statically guarantee
       as non-recursive (in some sense).  For now, we just make a special
       case for tuples.  Somthing better would be cool.

    See also TcTyDecls.checkClassCycles.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Predicate types}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Deconstructors and tests on predicate types

    Note [Kind polymorphic type classes]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        class C f where...   -- C :: forall k. k -> Constraint
        g :: forall (f::*). C f => f -> f

    Here the (C f) in the signature is really (C * f), and we
    don't want to complain that the * isn't a type variable!
    -}

    isTyVarClassPred :: PredType -> Bool
    isTyVarClassPred ty = case getClassPredTys_maybe ty of
        Just (_, tys) -> all isTyVarTy tys
        _             -> False

    -------------------------
    checkValidClsArgs :: Bool -> Class -> [KindOrType] -> Bool
    -- If the Bool is True (flexible contexts), return True (i.e. ok)
    -- Otherwise, check that the type (not kind) args are all headed by a tyvar
    --   E.g. (Eq a) accepted, (Eq (f a)) accepted, but (Eq Int) rejected
    -- This function is here rather than in TcValidity because it is
    -- called from TcSimplify, which itself is imported by TcValidity
    checkValidClsArgs flexible_contexts cls kts
      | flexible_contexts = True
      | otherwise         = all hasTyVarHead tys
      where
        tys = filterOutInvisibleTypes (classTyCon cls) kts

    hasTyVarHead :: Type -> Bool
    -- Returns true of (a t1 .. tn), where 'a' is a type variable
    hasTyVarHead ty                 -- Haskell 98 allows predicates of form
      | tcIsTyVarTy ty = True       --      C (a ty1 .. tyn)
      | otherwise                   -- where a is a type variable
      = case tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty of
           Just (ty, _) -> hasTyVarHead ty
           Nothing      -> False

    evVarPred_maybe :: EvVar -> Maybe PredType
    evVarPred_maybe v = if isPredTy ty then Just ty else Nothing
      where ty = varType v

    evVarPred :: EvVar -> PredType
    evVarPred var
     | debugIsOn
      = case evVarPred_maybe var of
          Just pred -> pred
          Nothing   -> pprPanic "tcEvVarPred" (ppr var <+> ppr (varType var))
     | otherwise
      = varType var

    ------------------
    -- | When inferring types, should we quantify over a given predicate?
    -- Generally true of classes; generally false of equality constraints.
    -- Equality constraints that mention quantified type variables and
    -- implicit variables complicate the story. See Notes
    -- [Inheriting implicit parameters] and [Quantifying over equality constraints]
    pickQuantifiablePreds
      :: TyVarSet           -- Quantifying over these
      -> TcThetaType        -- Proposed constraints to quantify
      -> TcThetaType        -- A subset that we can actually quantify
    -- This function decides whether a particular constraint shoudl be
    -- quantified over, given the type variables that are being quantified
    pickQuantifiablePreds qtvs theta
      = let flex_ctxt = True in  -- Quantify over non-tyvar constraints, even without
                                 -- -XFlexibleContexts: see Trac #10608, #10351
             -- flex_ctxt <- xoptM Opt_FlexibleContexts
        filter (pick_me flex_ctxt) theta
      where
        pick_me flex_ctxt pred
          = case classifyPredType pred of
              ClassPred cls tys
                 | isIPClass cls    -> True -- See note [Inheriting implicit parameters]
                 | otherwise        -> pick_cls_pred flex_ctxt cls tys

              EqPred ReprEq ty1 ty2 -> pick_cls_pred flex_ctxt coercibleClass [ty1, ty2]
                -- representational equality is like a class constraint

              EqPred NomEq ty1 ty2  -> quant_fun ty1 || quant_fun ty2
              IrredPred ty          -> tyCoVarsOfType ty `intersectsVarSet` qtvs

        pick_cls_pred flex_ctxt cls tys
          = tyCoVarsOfTypes tys `intersectsVarSet` qtvs
            && (checkValidClsArgs flex_ctxt cls tys)
               -- Only quantify over predicates that checkValidType
               -- will pass!  See Trac #10351.

        -- See Note [Quantifying over equality constraints]
        quant_fun ty
          = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
              Just (tc, tys) | isTypeFamilyTyCon tc
                             -> tyCoVarsOfTypes tys `intersectsVarSet` qtvs
              _ -> False

    -- Superclasses

    type PredWithSCs = (PredType, [PredType])

    mkMinimalBySCs :: [PredType] -> [PredType]
    -- Remove predicates that can be deduced from others by superclasses
    -- Result is a subset of the input
    mkMinimalBySCs ptys = go preds_with_scs []
     where
       preds_with_scs :: [PredWithSCs]
       preds_with_scs = [ (pred, transSuperClasses pred)
                        | pred <- ptys ]

       go :: [PredWithSCs]   -- Work list
          -> [PredWithSCs]   -- Accumulating result
          -> [PredType]
       go [] min_preds = map fst min_preds
       go (work_item@(p,_) : work_list) min_preds
         | p `in_cloud` work_list || p `in_cloud` min_preds
         = go work_list min_preds
         | otherwise
         = go work_list (work_item : min_preds)

       in_cloud :: PredType -> [PredWithSCs] -> Bool
       in_cloud p ps = or [ p `eqType` p' | (_, scs) <- ps, p' <- scs ]

    transSuperClasses :: PredType -> [PredType]
    -- (transSuperClasses p) returns (p's superclasses) not including p
    -- Stop if you encounter the same class again
    -- See Note [Expanding superclasses]
    transSuperClasses p
      = go emptyNameSet p
      where
        go :: NameSet -> PredType -> [PredType]
        go rec_clss p
           | ClassPred cls tys <- classifyPredType p
           , let cls_nm = className cls
           , not (cls_nm `elemNameSet` rec_clss)
           , let rec_clss' | isCTupleClass cls = rec_clss
                           | otherwise         = rec_clss `extendNameSet` cls_nm
           = [ p' | sc <- immSuperClasses cls tys
                  , p'  <- sc : go rec_clss' sc ]
           | otherwise
           = []

    immSuperClasses :: Class -> [Type] -> [PredType]
    immSuperClasses cls tys
      = substTheta (zipTvSubst tyvars tys) sc_theta
      where
        (tyvars,sc_theta,_,_) = classBigSig cls

    isImprovementPred :: PredType -> Bool
    -- Either it's an equality, or has some functional dependency
    isImprovementPred ty
      = case classifyPredType ty of
          EqPred NomEq t1 t2 -> not (t1 `tcEqType` t2)
          EqPred ReprEq _ _  -> False
          ClassPred cls _    -> classHasFds cls
          IrredPred {}       -> True -- Might have equalities after reduction?

    {-
    Note [Inheriting implicit parameters]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider this:

            f x = (x::Int) + ?y

    where f is *not* a top-level binding.
    From the RHS of f we'll get the constraint (?y::Int).
    There are two types we might infer for f:

            f :: Int -> Int

    (so we get ?y from the context of f's definition), or

            f :: (?y::Int) => Int -> Int

    At first you might think the first was better, because then
    ?y behaves like a free variable of the definition, rather than
    having to be passed at each call site.  But of course, the WHOLE
    IDEA is that ?y should be passed at each call site (that's what
    dynamic binding means) so we'd better infer the second.

    BOTTOM LINE: when *inferring types* you must quantify over implicit
    parameters, *even if* they don't mention the bound type variables.
    Reason: because implicit parameters, uniquely, have local instance
    declarations. See pickQuantifiablePreds.

    Note [Quantifying over equality constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Should we quantify over an equality constraint (s ~ t)?  In general, we don't.
    Doing so may simply postpone a type error from the function definition site to
    its call site.  (At worst, imagine (Int ~ Bool)).

    However, consider this
             forall a. (F [a] ~ Int) => blah
    Should we quantify over the (F [a] ~ Int).  Perhaps yes, because at the call
    site we will know 'a', and perhaps we have instance  F [Bool] = Int.
    So we *do* quantify over a type-family equality where the arguments mention
    the quantified variables.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Predicates}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    isSigmaTy :: TcType -> Bool
    -- isSigmaTy returns true of any qualified type.  It doesn't
    -- *necessarily* have any foralls.  E.g
    --        f :: (?x::Int) => Int -> Int
    isSigmaTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = isSigmaTy ty'
    isSigmaTy (ForAllTy (Named {}) _) = True
    isSigmaTy (ForAllTy (Anon a) _)   = isPredTy a
    isSigmaTy _                       = False

    isRhoTy :: TcType -> Bool   -- True of TcRhoTypes; see Note [TcRhoType]
    isRhoTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = isRhoTy ty'
    isRhoTy (ForAllTy (Named {}) _) = False
    isRhoTy (ForAllTy (Anon a) r)   = not (isPredTy a) && isRhoTy r
    isRhoTy _                       = True

    -- | Like 'isRhoTy', but also says 'True' for 'Infer' types
    isRhoExpTy :: ExpType -> Bool
    isRhoExpTy (Check ty) = isRhoTy ty
    isRhoExpTy (Infer {}) = True

    isOverloadedTy :: Type -> Bool
    -- Yes for a type of a function that might require evidence-passing
    -- Used only by bindLocalMethods
    isOverloadedTy ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = isOverloadedTy ty'
    isOverloadedTy (ForAllTy (Named {}) ty) = isOverloadedTy ty
    isOverloadedTy (ForAllTy (Anon a) _)    = isPredTy a
    isOverloadedTy _                        = False

    isFloatTy, isDoubleTy, isIntegerTy, isIntTy, isWordTy, isBoolTy,
        isUnitTy, isCharTy, isAnyTy :: Type -> Bool
    isFloatTy      = is_tc floatTyConKey
    isDoubleTy     = is_tc doubleTyConKey
    isIntegerTy    = is_tc integerTyConKey
    isIntTy        = is_tc intTyConKey
    isWordTy       = is_tc wordTyConKey
    isBoolTy       = is_tc boolTyConKey
    isUnitTy       = is_tc unitTyConKey
    isCharTy       = is_tc charTyConKey
    isAnyTy        = is_tc anyTyConKey

    -- | Does a type represent a floating-point number?
    isFloatingTy :: Type -> Bool
    isFloatingTy ty = isFloatTy ty || isDoubleTy ty

    -- | Is a type 'String'?
    isStringTy :: Type -> Bool
    isStringTy ty
      = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
          Just (tc, [arg_ty]) -> tc == listTyCon && isCharTy arg_ty
          _                   -> False

    is_tc :: Unique -> Type -> Bool
    -- Newtypes are opaque to this
    is_tc uniq ty = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
                            Just (tc, _) -> uniq == getUnique tc
                            Nothing      -> False

    -- | Does the given tyvar appear in the given type outside of any
    -- non-newtypes? Assume we're looking for @a@. Says "yes" for
    -- @a@, @N a@, @b a@, @a b@, @b (N a)@. Says "no" for
    -- @[a]@, @Maybe a@, @T a@, where @N@ is a newtype and @T@ is a datatype.
    isTyVarExposed :: TcTyVar -> TcType -> Bool
    isTyVarExposed tv (TyVarTy tv')   = tv == tv'
    isTyVarExposed tv (TyConApp tc tys)
      | isNewTyCon tc                 = any (isTyVarExposed tv) tys
      | otherwise                     = False
    isTyVarExposed _  (LitTy {})      = False
    isTyVarExposed tv (AppTy fun arg) = isTyVarExposed tv fun
                                     || isTyVarExposed tv arg
    isTyVarExposed _  (ForAllTy {})   = False
    isTyVarExposed tv (CastTy ty _)   = isTyVarExposed tv ty
    isTyVarExposed _  (CoercionTy {}) = False

    -- | Does the given tyvar appear under a type generative w.r.t.
    -- representational equality? See Note [Occurs check error] in
    -- TcCanonical for the motivation for this function.
    isTyVarUnderDatatype :: TcTyVar -> TcType -> Bool
    isTyVarUnderDatatype tv = go False
      where
        go under_dt ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = go under_dt ty'
        go under_dt (TyVarTy tv') = under_dt && (tv == tv')
        go under_dt (TyConApp tc tys) = let under_dt' = under_dt ||
                                                        isGenerativeTyCon tc
                                                          Representational
                                        in any (go under_dt') tys
        go _        (LitTy {}) = False
        go _        (ForAllTy (Anon arg) res) = go True arg || go True res
        go under_dt (AppTy fun arg) = go under_dt fun || go under_dt arg
        go under_dt (ForAllTy (Named tv' _) inner_ty)
          | tv' == tv = False
          | otherwise = go under_dt inner_ty
        go under_dt (CastTy ty _)   = go under_dt ty
        go _        (CoercionTy {}) = False

    isRigidTy :: TcType -> Bool
    isRigidTy ty
      | Just (tc,_) <- tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty = isGenerativeTyCon tc Nominal
      | Just {} <- tcSplitAppTy_maybe ty        = True
      | isForAllTy ty                           = True
      | otherwise                               = False

    isRigidEqPred :: TcLevel -> PredTree -> Bool
    -- ^ True of all Nominal equalities that are solidly insoluble
    -- This means all equalities *except*
    --   * Meta-tv non-SigTv on LHS
    --   * Meta-tv SigTv on LHS, tyvar on right
    isRigidEqPred tc_lvl (EqPred NomEq ty1 _)
      | Just tv1 <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty1
      = ASSERT2( isTcTyVar tv1, ppr tv1 )
        not (isMetaTyVar tv1) || isTouchableMetaTyVar tc_lvl tv1

      | otherwise  -- LHS is not a tyvar
      = True

    isRigidEqPred _ _ = False  -- Not an equality

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Transformation of Types to TcTypes}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    toTcType :: Type -> TcType
    -- The constraint solver expects EvVars to have TcType, in which the
    -- free type variables are TcTyVars. So we convert from Type to TcType here
    -- A bit tiresome; but one day I expect the two types to be entirely separate
    -- in which case we'll definitely need to do this
    toTcType = runIdentity . to_tc_type emptyVarSet

    toTcTypeBag :: Bag EvVar -> Bag EvVar -- All TyVars are transformed to TcTyVars
    toTcTypeBag evvars = mapBag (\tv -> setTyVarKind tv (toTcType (tyVarKind tv))) evvars

    to_tc_mapper :: TyCoMapper VarSet Identity
    to_tc_mapper
      = TyCoMapper { tcm_smart    = False   -- more efficient not to use smart ctors
                   , tcm_tyvar    = tyvar
                   , tcm_covar    = covar
                   , tcm_hole     = hole
                   , tcm_tybinder = tybinder }
      where
        tyvar :: VarSet -> TyVar -> Identity Type
        tyvar ftvs tv
          | Just var <- lookupVarSet ftvs tv = return $ TyVarTy var
          | isTcTyVar tv = TyVarTy <$> updateTyVarKindM (to_tc_type ftvs) tv
          | otherwise
          = do { kind' <- to_tc_type ftvs (tyVarKind tv)
               ; return $ TyVarTy $ mkTcTyVar (tyVarName tv) kind' vanillaSkolemTv }

        covar :: VarSet -> CoVar -> Identity Coercion
        covar ftvs cv
          | Just var <- lookupVarSet ftvs cv = return $ CoVarCo var
          | otherwise = CoVarCo <$> updateVarTypeM (to_tc_type ftvs) cv

        hole :: VarSet -> CoercionHole -> Role -> Type -> Type
             -> Identity Coercion
        hole ftvs h r t1 t2 = mkHoleCo h r <$> to_tc_type ftvs t1
                                           <*> to_tc_type ftvs t2

        tybinder :: VarSet -> TyVar -> VisibilityFlag -> Identity (VarSet, TyVar)
        tybinder ftvs tv _vis = do { kind' <- to_tc_type ftvs (tyVarKind tv)
                                   ; let tv' = mkTcTyVar (tyVarName tv) kind'
                                                         vanillaSkolemTv
                                   ; return (ftvs `extendVarSet` tv', tv') }

    to_tc_type :: VarSet -> Type -> Identity TcType
    to_tc_type = mapType to_tc_mapper

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Misc}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Visible type application]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    GHC implements a generalisation of the algorithm described in the
    "Visible Type Application" paper (available from
    http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~sweirich/publications.html). A key part
    of that algorithm is to distinguish user-specified variables from inferred
    variables. For example, the following should typecheck:

      f :: forall a b. a -> b -> b
      f = const id

      g = const id

      x = f @Int @Bool 5 False
      y = g 5 @Bool False

    The idea is that we wish to allow visible type application when we are
    instantiating a specified, fixed variable. In practice, specified, fixed
    variables are either written in a type signature (or
    annotation), OR are imported from another module. (We could do better here,
    for example by doing SCC analysis on parts of a module and considering any
    type from outside one's SCC to be fully specified, but this is very confusing to
    users. The simple rule above is much more straightforward and predictable.)

    So, both of f's quantified variables are specified and may be instantiated.
    But g has no type signature, so only id's variable is specified (because id
    is imported). We write the type of g as forall {a}. a -> forall b. b -> b.
    Note that the a is in braces, meaning it cannot be instantiated with
    visible type application.

    Tracking specified vs. inferred variables is done conveniently by a field
    in TyBinder.

    -}

    deNoteType :: Type -> Type
    -- Remove all *outermost* type synonyms and other notes
    deNoteType ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = deNoteType ty'
    deNoteType ty = ty

    {-
    Find the free tycons and classes of a type.  This is used in the front
    end of the compiler.
    -}

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection[TysWiredIn-ext-type]{External types}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The compiler's foreign function interface supports the passing of a
    restricted set of types as arguments and results (the restricting factor
    being the )
    -}

    tcSplitIOType_maybe :: Type -> Maybe (TyCon, Type)
    -- (tcSplitIOType_maybe t) returns Just (IO,t',co)
    --              if co : t ~ IO t'
    --              returns Nothing otherwise
    tcSplitIOType_maybe ty
      = case tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty of
            Just (io_tycon, [io_res_ty])
             | io_tycon `hasKey` ioTyConKey ->
                Just (io_tycon, io_res_ty)
            _ ->
                Nothing

    isFFITy :: Type -> Bool
    -- True for any TyCon that can possibly be an arg or result of an FFI call
    isFFITy ty = isValid (checkRepTyCon legalFFITyCon ty)

    isFFIArgumentTy :: DynFlags -> Safety -> Type -> Validity
    -- Checks for valid argument type for a 'foreign import'
    isFFIArgumentTy dflags safety ty
       = checkRepTyCon (legalOutgoingTyCon dflags safety) ty

    isFFIExternalTy :: Type -> Validity
    -- Types that are allowed as arguments of a 'foreign export'
    isFFIExternalTy ty = checkRepTyCon legalFEArgTyCon ty

    isFFIImportResultTy :: DynFlags -> Type -> Validity
    isFFIImportResultTy dflags ty
      = checkRepTyCon (legalFIResultTyCon dflags) ty

    isFFIExportResultTy :: Type -> Validity
    isFFIExportResultTy ty = checkRepTyCon legalFEResultTyCon ty

    isFFIDynTy :: Type -> Type -> Validity
    -- The type in a foreign import dynamic must be Ptr, FunPtr, or a newtype of
    -- either, and the wrapped function type must be equal to the given type.
    -- We assume that all types have been run through normaliseFfiType, so we don't
    -- need to worry about expanding newtypes here.
    isFFIDynTy expected ty
        -- Note [Foreign import dynamic]
        -- In the example below, expected would be 'CInt -> IO ()', while ty would
        -- be 'FunPtr (CDouble -> IO ())'.
        | Just (tc, [ty']) <- splitTyConApp_maybe ty
        , tyConUnique tc `elem` [ptrTyConKey, funPtrTyConKey]
        , eqType ty' expected
        = IsValid
        | otherwise
        = NotValid (vcat [ text "Expected: Ptr/FunPtr" <+> pprParendType expected <> comma
                         , text "  Actual:" <+> ppr ty ])

    isFFILabelTy :: Type -> Validity
    -- The type of a foreign label must be Ptr, FunPtr, or a newtype of either.
    isFFILabelTy ty = checkRepTyCon ok ty
      where
        ok tc | tc `hasKey` funPtrTyConKey || tc `hasKey` ptrTyConKey
              = IsValid
              | otherwise
              = NotValid (text "A foreign-imported address (via &foo) must have type (Ptr a) or (FunPtr a)")

    isFFIPrimArgumentTy :: DynFlags -> Type -> Validity
    -- Checks for valid argument type for a 'foreign import prim'
    -- Currently they must all be simple unlifted types, or the well-known type
    -- Any, which can be used to pass the address to a Haskell object on the heap to
    -- the foreign function.
    isFFIPrimArgumentTy dflags ty
      | isAnyTy ty = IsValid
      | otherwise  = checkRepTyCon (legalFIPrimArgTyCon dflags) ty

    isFFIPrimResultTy :: DynFlags -> Type -> Validity
    -- Checks for valid result type for a 'foreign import prim'
    -- Currently it must be an unlifted type, including unboxed tuples,
    -- or the well-known type Any.
    isFFIPrimResultTy dflags ty
      | isAnyTy ty = IsValid
      | otherwise = checkRepTyCon (legalFIPrimResultTyCon dflags) ty

    isFunPtrTy :: Type -> Bool
    isFunPtrTy ty
      | Just (tc, [_]) <- splitTyConApp_maybe ty
      = tc `hasKey` funPtrTyConKey
      | otherwise
      = False

    -- normaliseFfiType gets run before checkRepTyCon, so we don't
    -- need to worry about looking through newtypes or type functions
    -- here; that's already been taken care of.
    checkRepTyCon :: (TyCon -> Validity) -> Type -> Validity
    checkRepTyCon check_tc ty
      = case splitTyConApp_maybe ty of
          Just (tc, tys)
            | isNewTyCon tc -> NotValid (hang msg 2 (mk_nt_reason tc tys $$ nt_fix))
            | otherwise     -> case check_tc tc of
                                 IsValid        -> IsValid
                                 NotValid extra -> NotValid (msg $$ extra)
          Nothing -> NotValid (quotes (ppr ty) <+> text "is not a data type")
      where
        msg = quotes (ppr ty) <+> text "cannot be marshalled in a foreign call"
        mk_nt_reason tc tys
          | null tys  = text "because its data constructor is not in scope"
          | otherwise = text "because the data constructor for"
                        <+> quotes (ppr tc) <+> text "is not in scope"
        nt_fix = text "Possible fix: import the data constructor to bring it into scope"

    {-
    Note [Foreign import dynamic]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    A dynamic stub must be of the form 'FunPtr ft -> ft' where ft is any foreign
    type.  Similarly, a wrapper stub must be of the form 'ft -> IO (FunPtr ft)'.

    We use isFFIDynTy to check whether a signature is well-formed. For example,
    given a (illegal) declaration like:

    foreign import ccall "dynamic"
      foo :: FunPtr (CDouble -> IO ()) -> CInt -> IO ()

    isFFIDynTy will compare the 'FunPtr' type 'CDouble -> IO ()' with the curried
    result type 'CInt -> IO ()', and return False, as they are not equal.

    ----------------------------------------------
    These chaps do the work; they are not exported
    ----------------------------------------------
    -}

    legalFEArgTyCon :: TyCon -> Validity
    legalFEArgTyCon tc
      -- It's illegal to make foreign exports that take unboxed
      -- arguments.  The RTS API currently can't invoke such things.  --SDM 7/2000
      = boxedMarshalableTyCon tc

    legalFIResultTyCon :: DynFlags -> TyCon -> Validity
    legalFIResultTyCon dflags tc
      | tc == unitTyCon         = IsValid
      | otherwise               = marshalableTyCon dflags tc

    legalFEResultTyCon :: TyCon -> Validity
    legalFEResultTyCon tc
      | tc == unitTyCon         = IsValid
      | otherwise               = boxedMarshalableTyCon tc

    legalOutgoingTyCon :: DynFlags -> Safety -> TyCon -> Validity
    -- Checks validity of types going from Haskell -> external world
    legalOutgoingTyCon dflags _ tc
      = marshalableTyCon dflags tc

    legalFFITyCon :: TyCon -> Validity
    -- True for any TyCon that can possibly be an arg or result of an FFI call
    legalFFITyCon tc
      | isUnLiftedTyCon tc = IsValid
      | tc == unitTyCon    = IsValid
      | otherwise          = boxedMarshalableTyCon tc

    marshalableTyCon :: DynFlags -> TyCon -> Validity
    marshalableTyCon dflags tc
      | isUnLiftedTyCon tc
      , not (isUnboxedTupleTyCon tc)
      , case tyConPrimRep tc of        -- Note [Marshalling VoidRep]
           VoidRep -> False
           _       -> True
      = validIfUnliftedFFITypes dflags
      | otherwise
      = boxedMarshalableTyCon tc

    boxedMarshalableTyCon :: TyCon -> Validity
    boxedMarshalableTyCon tc
       | getUnique tc `elem` [ intTyConKey, int8TyConKey, int16TyConKey
                             , int32TyConKey, int64TyConKey
                             , wordTyConKey, word8TyConKey, word16TyConKey
                             , word32TyConKey, word64TyConKey
                             , floatTyConKey, doubleTyConKey
                             , ptrTyConKey, funPtrTyConKey
                             , charTyConKey
                             , stablePtrTyConKey
                             , boolTyConKey
                             ]
      = IsValid

      | otherwise = NotValid empty

    legalFIPrimArgTyCon :: DynFlags -> TyCon -> Validity
    -- Check args of 'foreign import prim', only allow simple unlifted types.
    -- Strictly speaking it is unnecessary to ban unboxed tuples here since
    -- currently they're of the wrong kind to use in function args anyway.
    legalFIPrimArgTyCon dflags tc
      | isUnLiftedTyCon tc
      , not (isUnboxedTupleTyCon tc)
      = validIfUnliftedFFITypes dflags
      | otherwise
      = NotValid unlifted_only

    legalFIPrimResultTyCon :: DynFlags -> TyCon -> Validity
    -- Check result type of 'foreign import prim'. Allow simple unlifted
    -- types and also unboxed tuple result types '... -> (# , , #)'
    legalFIPrimResultTyCon dflags tc
      | isUnLiftedTyCon tc
      , (isUnboxedTupleTyCon tc
         || case tyConPrimRep tc of      -- Note [Marshalling VoidRep]
               VoidRep -> False
               _       -> True)
      = validIfUnliftedFFITypes dflags

      | otherwise
      = NotValid unlifted_only

    unlifted_only :: MsgDoc
    unlifted_only = text "foreign import prim only accepts simple unlifted types"

    validIfUnliftedFFITypes :: DynFlags -> Validity
    validIfUnliftedFFITypes dflags
      | xopt LangExt.UnliftedFFITypes dflags =  IsValid
      | otherwise = NotValid (text "To marshal unlifted types, use UnliftedFFITypes")

    {-
    Note [Marshalling VoidRep]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We don't treat State# (whose PrimRep is VoidRep) as marshalable.
    In turn that means you can't write
            foreign import foo :: Int -> State# RealWorld

    Reason: the back end falls over with panic "primRepHint:VoidRep";
            and there is no compelling reason to permit it
    -}

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            The "Paterson size" of a type
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    {-
    Note [Paterson conditions on PredTypes]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We are considering whether *class* constraints terminate
    (see Note [Paterson conditions]). Precisely, the Paterson conditions
    would have us check that "the constraint has fewer constructors and variables
    (taken together and counting repetitions) than the head.".

    However, we can be a bit more refined by looking at which kind of constraint
    this actually is. There are two main tricks:

     1. It seems like it should be OK not to count the tuple type constructor
        for a PredType like (Show a, Eq a) :: Constraint, since we don't
        count the "implicit" tuple in the ThetaType itself.

        In fact, the Paterson test just checks *each component* of the top level
        ThetaType against the size bound, one at a time. By analogy, it should be
        OK to return the size of the *largest* tuple component as the size of the
        whole tuple.

     2. Once we get into an implicit parameter or equality we
        can't get back to a class constraint, so it's safe
        to say "size 0".  See Trac #4200.

    NB: we don't want to detect PredTypes in sizeType (and then call
    sizePred on them), or we might get an infinite loop if that PredType
    is irreducible. See Trac #5581.
    -}

    type TypeSize = IntWithInf

    sizeType :: Type -> TypeSize
    -- Size of a type: the number of variables and constructors
    -- Ignore kinds altogether
    sizeType = go
      where
        go ty | Just exp_ty <- coreView ty = go exp_ty
        go (TyVarTy {})              = 1
        go (TyConApp tc tys)
          | isTypeFamilyTyCon tc     = infinity  -- Type-family applications can
                                               -- expand to any arbitrary size
          | otherwise                = sizeTypes (filterOutInvisibleTypes tc tys) + 1
        go (LitTy {})                = 1
        go (ForAllTy (Anon arg) res) = go arg + go res + 1
        go (AppTy fun arg)           = go fun + go arg
        go (ForAllTy (Named tv vis) ty)
            | Visible <- vis         = go (tyVarKind tv) + go ty + 1
            | otherwise              = go ty + 1
        go (CastTy ty _)             = go ty
        go (CoercionTy {})           = 0

    sizeTypes :: [Type] -> TypeSize
    sizeTypes tys = sum (map sizeType tys)