{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} #if !defined(TESTING) && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 703 {-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-} #endif #include "containers.h" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Data.Map.Strict -- Copyright : (c) Daan Leijen 2002 -- (c) Andriy Palamarchuk 2008 -- License : BSD-style -- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org -- Stability : provisional -- Portability : portable -- -- An efficient implementation of ordered maps from keys to values -- (dictionaries). -- -- API of this module is strict in both the keys and the values. -- If you need value-lazy maps, use "Data.Map.Lazy" instead. -- The 'Map' type is shared between the lazy and strict modules, -- meaning that the same 'Map' value can be passed to functions in -- both modules (although that is rarely needed). -- -- These modules are intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name -- clashes with Prelude functions, e.g. -- -- > import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map -- -- The implementation of 'Map' is based on /size balanced/ binary trees (or -- trees of /bounded balance/) as described by: -- -- * Stephen Adams, \"/Efficient sets: a balancing act/\", -- Journal of Functional Programming 3(4):553-562, October 1993, -- <http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~adams/BB/>. -- -- * J. Nievergelt and E.M. Reingold, -- \"/Binary search trees of bounded balance/\", -- SIAM journal of computing 2(1), March 1973. -- -- Note that the implementation is /left-biased/ -- the elements of a -- first argument are always preferred to the second, for example in -- 'union' or 'insert'. -- -- /Warning/: The size of the map must not exceed @maxBound::Int@. Violation of -- this condition is not detected and if the size limit is exceeded, its -- behaviour is undefined. -- -- Operation comments contain the operation time complexity in -- the Big-O notation (<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation>). -- -- Be aware that the 'Functor', 'Traversable' and 'Data' instances -- are the same as for the "Data.Map.Lazy" module, so if they are used -- on strict maps, the resulting maps will be lazy. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- See the notes at the beginning of Data.Map.Base. module Data.Map.Strict ( -- * Strictness properties -- $strictness -- * Map type #if !defined(TESTING) Map -- instance Eq,Show,Read #else Map(..) -- instance Eq,Show,Read #endif -- * Operators , (!), (\\) -- * Query , null , size , member , notMember , lookup , findWithDefault , lookupLT , lookupGT , lookupLE , lookupGE -- * Construction , empty , singleton -- ** Insertion , insert , insertWith , insertWithKey , insertLookupWithKey -- ** Delete\/Update , delete , adjust , adjustWithKey , update , updateWithKey , updateLookupWithKey , alter -- * Combine -- ** Union , union , unionWith , unionWithKey , unions , unionsWith -- ** Difference , difference , differenceWith , differenceWithKey -- ** Intersection , intersection , intersectionWith , intersectionWithKey -- ** Universal combining function , mergeWithKey -- * Traversal -- ** Map , map , mapWithKey , traverseWithKey , mapAccum , mapAccumWithKey , mapAccumRWithKey , mapKeys , mapKeysWith , mapKeysMonotonic -- * Folds , foldr , foldl , foldrWithKey , foldlWithKey , foldMapWithKey -- ** Strict folds , foldr' , foldl' , foldrWithKey' , foldlWithKey' -- * Conversion , elems , keys , assocs , keysSet , fromSet -- ** Lists , toList , fromList , fromListWith , fromListWithKey -- ** Ordered lists , toAscList , toDescList , fromAscList , fromAscListWith , fromAscListWithKey , fromDistinctAscList -- * Filter , filter , filterWithKey , partition , partitionWithKey , mapMaybe , mapMaybeWithKey , mapEither , mapEitherWithKey , split , splitLookup , splitRoot -- * Submap , isSubmapOf, isSubmapOfBy , isProperSubmapOf, isProperSubmapOfBy -- * Indexed , lookupIndex , findIndex , elemAt , updateAt , deleteAt -- * Min\/Max , findMin , findMax , deleteMin , deleteMax , deleteFindMin , deleteFindMax , updateMin , updateMax , updateMinWithKey , updateMaxWithKey , minView , maxView , minViewWithKey , maxViewWithKey -- * Debugging , showTree , showTreeWith , valid #if defined(TESTING) -- * Internals , bin , balanced , link , merge #endif ) where import Prelude hiding (lookup,map,filter,foldr,foldl,null) import Data.Map.Base hiding ( findWithDefault , singleton , insert , insertWith , insertWithKey , insertLookupWithKey , adjust , adjustWithKey , update , updateWithKey , updateLookupWithKey , alter , unionWith , unionWithKey , unionsWith , differenceWith , differenceWithKey , intersectionWith , intersectionWithKey , mergeWithKey , map , mapWithKey , mapAccum , mapAccumWithKey , mapAccumRWithKey , mapKeysWith , fromSet , fromList , fromListWith , fromListWithKey , fromAscList , fromAscListWith , fromAscListWithKey , fromDistinctAscList , mapMaybe , mapMaybeWithKey , mapEither , mapEitherWithKey , updateAt , updateMin , updateMax , updateMinWithKey , updateMaxWithKey ) import qualified Data.Set.Base as Set import Data.Utils.StrictFold import Data.Utils.StrictPair import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 709 import Data.Coerce #endif -- $strictness -- -- This module satisfies the following strictness properties: -- -- 1. Key arguments are evaluated to WHNF; -- -- 2. Keys and values are evaluated to WHNF before they are stored in -- the map. -- -- Here's an example illustrating the first property: -- -- > delete undefined m == undefined -- -- Here are some examples that illustrate the second property: -- -- > map (\ v -> undefined) m == undefined -- m is not empty -- > mapKeys (\ k -> undefined) m == undefined -- m is not empty {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Query --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. The expression @('findWithDefault' def k map)@ returns -- the value at key @k@ or returns default value @def@ -- when the key is not in the map. -- -- > findWithDefault 'x' 1 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == 'x' -- > findWithDefault 'x' 5 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == 'a' -- See Map.Base.Note: Local 'go' functions and capturing findWithDefault :: Ord k => a -> k -> Map k a -> a findWithDefault def k = k `seq` go where go Tip = def go (Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> go l GT -> go r EQ -> x #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE findWithDefault #-} #else {-# INLINE findWithDefault #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Construction --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(1)/. A map with a single element. -- -- > singleton 1 'a' == fromList [(1, 'a')] -- > size (singleton 1 'a') == 1 singleton :: k -> a -> Map k a singleton k x = x `seq` Bin 1 k x Tip Tip {-# INLINE singleton #-} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Insertion --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Insert a new key and value in the map. -- If the key is already present in the map, the associated value is -- replaced with the supplied value. 'insert' is equivalent to -- @'insertWith' 'const'@. -- -- > insert 5 'x' (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == fromList [(3, 'b'), (5, 'x')] -- > insert 7 'x' (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == fromList [(3, 'b'), (5, 'a'), (7, 'x')] -- > insert 5 'x' empty == singleton 5 'x' -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function insert :: Ord k => k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insert = go where go :: Ord k => k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a STRICT_1_OF_3(go) STRICT_2_OF_3(go) go kx x Tip = singleton kx x go kx x (Bin sz ky y l r) = case compare kx ky of LT -> balanceL ky y (go kx x l) r GT -> balanceR ky y l (go kx x r) EQ -> Bin sz kx x l r #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE insert #-} #else {-# INLINE insert #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. Insert with a function, combining new value and old value. -- @'insertWith' f key value mp@ -- will insert the pair (key, value) into @mp@ if key does -- not exist in the map. If the key does exist, the function will -- insert the pair @(key, f new_value old_value)@. -- -- > insertWith (++) 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "xxxa")] -- > insertWith (++) 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")] -- > insertWith (++) 5 "xxx" empty == singleton 5 "xxx" insertWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWith f = insertWithKey (\_ x' y' -> f x' y') #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE insertWith #-} #else {-# INLINE insertWith #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. Insert with a function, combining key, new value and old value. -- @'insertWithKey' f key value mp@ -- will insert the pair (key, value) into @mp@ if key does -- not exist in the map. If the key does exist, the function will -- insert the pair @(key,f key new_value old_value)@. -- Note that the key passed to f is the same key passed to 'insertWithKey'. -- -- > let f key new_value old_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ new_value ++ "|" ++ old_value -- > insertWithKey f 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:xxx|a")] -- > insertWithKey f 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")] -- > insertWithKey f 5 "xxx" empty == singleton 5 "xxx" -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function insertWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWithKey = go where go :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a STRICT_2_OF_4(go) go _ kx x Tip = singleton kx x go f kx x (Bin sy ky y l r) = case compare kx ky of LT -> balanceL ky y (go f kx x l) r GT -> balanceR ky y l (go f kx x r) EQ -> let x' = f kx x y in x' `seq` Bin sy kx x' l r #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE insertWithKey #-} #else {-# INLINE insertWithKey #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. Combines insert operation with old value retrieval. -- The expression (@'insertLookupWithKey' f k x map@) -- is a pair where the first element is equal to (@'lookup' k map@) -- and the second element equal to (@'insertWithKey' f k x map@). -- -- > let f key new_value old_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ new_value ++ "|" ++ old_value -- > insertLookupWithKey f 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:xxx|a")]) -- > insertLookupWithKey f 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")]) -- > insertLookupWithKey f 5 "xxx" empty == (Nothing, singleton 5 "xxx") -- -- This is how to define @insertLookup@ using @insertLookupWithKey@: -- -- > let insertLookup kx x t = insertLookupWithKey (\_ a _ -> a) kx x t -- > insertLookup 5 "x" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "x")]) -- > insertLookup 7 "x" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "x")]) -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function insertLookupWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> (Maybe a, Map k a) insertLookupWithKey f0 kx0 x0 t0 = toPair $ go f0 kx0 x0 t0 where go :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> StrictPair (Maybe a) (Map k a) STRICT_2_OF_4(go) go _ kx x Tip = Nothing :*: singleton kx x go f kx x (Bin sy ky y l r) = case compare kx ky of LT -> let (found :*: l') = go f kx x l in found :*: balanceL ky y l' r GT -> let (found :*: r') = go f kx x r in found :*: balanceR ky y l r' EQ -> let x' = f kx x y in x' `seq` (Just y :*: Bin sy kx x' l r) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE insertLookupWithKey #-} #else {-# INLINE insertLookupWithKey #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Deletion --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Update a value at a specific key with the result of the provided function. -- When the key is not -- a member of the map, the original map is returned. -- -- > adjust ("new " ++) 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "new a")] -- > adjust ("new " ++) 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > adjust ("new " ++) 7 empty == empty adjust :: Ord k => (a -> a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a adjust f = adjustWithKey (\_ x -> f x) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE adjust #-} #else {-# INLINE adjust #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. Adjust a value at a specific key. When the key is not -- a member of the map, the original map is returned. -- -- > let f key x = (show key) ++ ":new " ++ x -- > adjustWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")] -- > adjustWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > adjustWithKey f 7 empty == empty adjustWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a adjustWithKey f = updateWithKey (\k' x' -> Just (f k' x')) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE adjustWithKey #-} #else {-# INLINE adjustWithKey #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'update' f k map@) updates the value @x@ -- at @k@ (if it is in the map). If (@f x@) is 'Nothing', the element is -- deleted. If it is (@'Just' y@), the key @k@ is bound to the new value @y@. -- -- > let f x = if x == "a" then Just "new a" else Nothing -- > update f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "new a")] -- > update f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > update f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" update :: Ord k => (a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a update f = updateWithKey (\_ x -> f x) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE update #-} #else {-# INLINE update #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'updateWithKey' f k map@) updates the -- value @x@ at @k@ (if it is in the map). If (@f k x@) is 'Nothing', -- the element is deleted. If it is (@'Just' y@), the key @k@ is bound -- to the new value @y@. -- -- > let f k x = if x == "a" then Just ((show k) ++ ":new a") else Nothing -- > updateWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")] -- > updateWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > updateWithKey f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function updateWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a updateWithKey = go where go :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a STRICT_2_OF_3(go) go _ _ Tip = Tip go f k(Bin sx kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> balanceR kx x (go f k l) r GT -> balanceL kx x l (go f k r) EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE updateWithKey #-} #else {-# INLINE updateWithKey #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. Lookup and update. See also 'updateWithKey'. -- The function returns changed value, if it is updated. -- Returns the original key value if the map entry is deleted. -- -- > let f k x = if x == "a" then Just ((show k) ++ ":new a") else Nothing -- > updateLookupWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "5:new a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")]) -- > updateLookupWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")]) -- > updateLookupWithKey f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "b", singleton 5 "a") -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function updateLookupWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> (Maybe a,Map k a) updateLookupWithKey f0 k0 t0 = toPair $ go f0 k0 t0 where go :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> StrictPair (Maybe a) (Map k a) STRICT_2_OF_3(go) go _ _ Tip = (Nothing :*: Tip) go f k (Bin sx kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> let (found :*: l') = go f k l in found :*: balanceR kx x l' r GT -> let (found :*: r') = go f k r in found :*: balanceL kx x l r' EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> x' `seq` (Just x' :*: Bin sx kx x' l r) Nothing -> (Just x :*: glue l r) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE updateLookupWithKey #-} #else {-# INLINE updateLookupWithKey #-} #endif -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'alter' f k map@) alters the value @x@ at @k@, or absence thereof. -- 'alter' can be used to insert, delete, or update a value in a 'Map'. -- In short : @'lookup' k ('alter' f k m) = f ('lookup' k m)@. -- -- > let f _ = Nothing -- > alter f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > alter f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > -- > let f _ = Just "c" -- > alter f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "c")] -- > alter f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "c")] -- See Map.Base.Note: Type of local 'go' function alter :: Ord k => (Maybe a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a alter = go where go :: Ord k => (Maybe a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a STRICT_2_OF_3(go) go f k Tip = case f Nothing of Nothing -> Tip Just x -> singleton k x go f k (Bin sx kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> balance kx x (go f k l) r GT -> balance kx x l (go f k r) EQ -> case f (Just x) of Just x' -> x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE alter #-} #else {-# INLINE alter #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Indexing --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Update the element at /index/. Calls 'error' when an -- invalid index is used. -- -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "x"), (5, "a")] -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "x")] -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") (-1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) (-1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range updateAt :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Int -> Map k a -> Map k a updateAt f i t = i `seq` case t of Tip -> error "Map.updateAt: index out of range" Bin sx kx x l r -> case compare i sizeL of LT -> balanceR kx x (updateAt f i l) r GT -> balanceL kx x l (updateAt f (i-sizeL-1) r) EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r where sizeL = size l {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimal, Maximal --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the minimal key. -- -- > updateMin (\ a -> Just ("X" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "Xb"), (5, "a")] -- > updateMin (\ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" updateMin :: (a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMin f m = updateMinWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the maximal key. -- -- > updateMax (\ a -> Just ("X" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "Xa")] -- > updateMax (\ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" updateMax :: (a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMax f m = updateMaxWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the minimal key. -- -- > updateMinWithKey (\ k a -> Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3,"3:b"), (5,"a")] -- > updateMinWithKey (\ _ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" updateMinWithKey :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMinWithKey _ Tip = Tip updateMinWithKey f (Bin sx kx x Tip r) = case f kx x of Nothing -> r Just x' -> x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' Tip r updateMinWithKey f (Bin _ kx x l r) = balanceR kx x (updateMinWithKey f l) r -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the maximal key. -- -- > updateMaxWithKey (\ k a -> Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"5:a")] -- > updateMaxWithKey (\ _ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" updateMaxWithKey :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMaxWithKey _ Tip = Tip updateMaxWithKey f (Bin sx kx x l Tip) = case f kx x of Nothing -> l Just x' -> x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' l Tip updateMaxWithKey f (Bin _ kx x l r) = balanceL kx x l (updateMaxWithKey f r) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Union. --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | The union of a list of maps, with a combining operation: -- (@'unionsWith' f == 'Prelude.foldl' ('unionWith' f) 'empty'@). -- -- > unionsWith (++) [(fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]), (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]), (fromList [(5, "A3"), (3, "B3")])] -- > == fromList [(3, "bB3"), (5, "aAA3"), (7, "C")] unionsWith :: Ord k => (a->a->a) -> [Map k a] -> Map k a unionsWith f ts = foldlStrict (unionWith f) empty ts #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE unionsWith #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Union with a combining function --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Union with a combining function. The implementation uses the efficient /hedge-union/ algorithm. -- -- > unionWith (++) (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "aA"), (7, "C")] unionWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWith f m1 m2 = unionWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE unionWith #-} #endif -- | /O(n+m)/. -- Union with a combining function. The implementation uses the efficient /hedge-union/ algorithm. -- -- > let f key left_value right_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ left_value ++ "|" ++ right_value -- > unionWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:a|A"), (7, "C")] unionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWithKey f t1 t2 = mergeWithKey (\k x1 x2 -> Just $ f k x1 x2) id id t1 t2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE unionWithKey #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Difference --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Difference with a combining function. -- When two equal keys are -- encountered, the combining function is applied to the values of these keys. -- If it returns 'Nothing', the element is discarded (proper set difference). If -- it returns (@'Just' y@), the element is updated with a new value @y@. -- The implementation uses an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > let f al ar = if al == "b" then Just (al ++ ":" ++ ar) else Nothing -- > differenceWith f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (3, "B"), (7, "C")]) -- > == singleton 3 "b:B" differenceWith :: Ord k => (a -> b -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a differenceWith f m1 m2 = differenceWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE differenceWith #-} #endif -- | /O(n+m)/. Difference with a combining function. When two equal keys are -- encountered, the combining function is applied to the key and both values. -- If it returns 'Nothing', the element is discarded (proper set difference). If -- it returns (@'Just' y@), the element is updated with a new value @y@. -- The implementation uses an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > let f k al ar = if al == "b" then Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ al ++ "|" ++ ar) else Nothing -- > differenceWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (3, "B"), (10, "C")]) -- > == singleton 3 "3:b|B" differenceWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a differenceWithKey f t1 t2 = mergeWithKey f id (const Tip) t1 t2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE differenceWithKey #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Intersection --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Intersection with a combining function. The implementation uses -- an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > intersectionWith (++) (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 5 "aA" intersectionWith :: Ord k => (a -> b -> c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c intersectionWith f m1 m2 = intersectionWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE intersectionWith #-} #endif -- | /O(n+m)/. Intersection with a combining function. The implementation uses -- an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > let f k al ar = (show k) ++ ":" ++ al ++ "|" ++ ar -- > intersectionWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 5 "5:a|A" intersectionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c intersectionWithKey f t1 t2 = mergeWithKey (\k x1 x2 -> Just $ f k x1 x2) (const Tip) (const Tip) t1 t2 #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE intersectionWithKey #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- MergeWithKey --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. A high-performance universal combining function. This function -- is used to define 'unionWith', 'unionWithKey', 'differenceWith', -- 'differenceWithKey', 'intersectionWith', 'intersectionWithKey' and can be -- used to define other custom combine functions. -- -- Please make sure you know what is going on when using 'mergeWithKey', -- otherwise you can be surprised by unexpected code growth or even -- corruption of the data structure. -- -- When 'mergeWithKey' is given three arguments, it is inlined to the call -- site. You should therefore use 'mergeWithKey' only to define your custom -- combining functions. For example, you could define 'unionWithKey', -- 'differenceWithKey' and 'intersectionWithKey' as -- -- > myUnionWithKey f m1 m2 = mergeWithKey (\k x1 x2 -> Just (f k x1 x2)) id id m1 m2 -- > myDifferenceWithKey f m1 m2 = mergeWithKey f id (const empty) m1 m2 -- > myIntersectionWithKey f m1 m2 = mergeWithKey (\k x1 x2 -> Just (f k x1 x2)) (const empty) (const empty) m1 m2 -- -- When calling @'mergeWithKey' combine only1 only2@, a function combining two -- 'IntMap's is created, such that -- -- * if a key is present in both maps, it is passed with both corresponding -- values to the @combine@ function. Depending on the result, the key is either -- present in the result with specified value, or is left out; -- -- * a nonempty subtree present only in the first map is passed to @only1@ and -- the output is added to the result; -- -- * a nonempty subtree present only in the second map is passed to @only2@ and -- the output is added to the result. -- -- The @only1@ and @only2@ methods /must return a map with a subset (possibly empty) of the keys of the given map/. -- The values can be modified arbitrarily. Most common variants of @only1@ and -- @only2@ are 'id' and @'const' 'empty'@, but for example @'map' f@ or -- @'filterWithKey' f@ could be used for any @f@. mergeWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> Maybe c) -> (Map k a -> Map k c) -> (Map k b -> Map k c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c mergeWithKey f g1 g2 = go where go Tip t2 = g2 t2 go t1 Tip = g1 t1 go t1 t2 = hedgeMerge NothingS NothingS t1 t2 hedgeMerge _ _ t1 Tip = g1 t1 hedgeMerge blo bhi Tip (Bin _ kx x l r) = g2 $ link kx x (filterGt blo l) (filterLt bhi r) hedgeMerge blo bhi (Bin _ kx x l r) t2 = let l' = hedgeMerge blo bmi l (trim blo bmi t2) (found, trim_t2) = trimLookupLo kx bhi t2 r' = hedgeMerge bmi bhi r trim_t2 in case found of Nothing -> case g1 (singleton kx x) of Tip -> merge l' r' (Bin _ _ x' Tip Tip) -> link kx x' l' r' _ -> error "mergeWithKey: Given function only1 does not fulfil required conditions (see documentation)" Just x2 -> case f kx x x2 of Nothing -> merge l' r' Just x' -> x' `seq` link kx x' l' r' where bmi = JustS kx {-# INLINE mergeWithKey #-} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Filter and partition --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Map values and collect the 'Just' results. -- -- > let f x = if x == "a" then Just "new a" else Nothing -- > mapMaybe f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "new a" mapMaybe :: (a -> Maybe b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapMaybe f = mapMaybeWithKey (\_ x -> f x) -- | /O(n)/. Map keys\/values and collect the 'Just' results. -- -- > let f k _ = if k < 5 then Just ("key : " ++ (show k)) else Nothing -- > mapMaybeWithKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "key : 3" mapMaybeWithKey :: (k -> a -> Maybe b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapMaybeWithKey _ Tip = Tip mapMaybeWithKey f (Bin _ kx x l r) = case f kx x of Just y -> y `seq` link kx y (mapMaybeWithKey f l) (mapMaybeWithKey f r) Nothing -> merge (mapMaybeWithKey f l) (mapMaybeWithKey f r) -- | /O(n)/. Map values and separate the 'Left' and 'Right' results. -- -- > let f a = if a < "c" then Left a else Right a -- > mapEither f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")], fromList [(1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > -- > mapEither (\ a -> Right a) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (empty, fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) mapEither :: (a -> Either b c) -> Map k a -> (Map k b, Map k c) mapEither f m = mapEitherWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(n)/. Map keys\/values and separate the 'Left' and 'Right' results. -- -- > let f k a = if k < 5 then Left (k * 2) else Right (a ++ a) -- > mapEitherWithKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (fromList [(1,2), (3,6)], fromList [(5,"aa"), (7,"zz")]) -- > -- > mapEitherWithKey (\_ a -> Right a) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (empty, fromList [(1,"x"), (3,"b"), (5,"a"), (7,"z")]) mapEitherWithKey :: (k -> a -> Either b c) -> Map k a -> (Map k b, Map k c) mapEitherWithKey f0 t0 = toPair $ go f0 t0 where go _ Tip = (Tip :*: Tip) go f (Bin _ kx x l r) = case f kx x of Left y -> y `seq` (link kx y l1 r1 :*: merge l2 r2) Right z -> z `seq` (merge l1 r1 :*: link kx z l2 r2) where (l1 :*: l2) = go f l (r1 :*: r2) = go f r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Mapping --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Map a function over all values in the map. -- -- > map (++ "x") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "bx"), (5, "ax")] map :: (a -> b) -> Map k a -> Map k b map _ Tip = Tip map f (Bin sx kx x l r) = let x' = f x in x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' (map f l) (map f r) #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ {-# NOINLINE [1] map #-} {-# RULES "map/map" forall f g xs . map f (map g xs) = map (f . g) xs #-} #endif #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 709 -- Safe coercions were introduced in 7.8, but did not work well with RULES yet. {-# RULES "mapSeq/coerce" map coerce = coerce #-} #endif -- | /O(n)/. Map a function over all values in the map. -- -- > let f key x = (show key) ++ ":" ++ x -- > mapWithKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "3:b"), (5, "5:a")] mapWithKey :: (k -> a -> b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapWithKey _ Tip = Tip mapWithKey f (Bin sx kx x l r) = let x' = f kx x in x' `seq` Bin sx kx x' (mapWithKey f l) (mapWithKey f r) #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ {-# NOINLINE [1] mapWithKey #-} {-# RULES "mapWithKey/mapWithKey" forall f g xs . mapWithKey f (mapWithKey g xs) = mapWithKey (\k a -> f k (g k a)) xs "mapWithKey/map" forall f g xs . mapWithKey f (map g xs) = mapWithKey (\k a -> f k (g a)) xs "map/mapWithKey" forall f g xs . map f (mapWithKey g xs) = mapWithKey (\k a -> f (g k a)) xs #-} #endif -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccum' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in ascending order of keys. -- -- > let f a b = (a ++ b, b ++ "X") -- > mapAccum f "Everything: " (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == ("Everything: ba", fromList [(3, "bX"), (5, "aX")]) mapAccum :: (a -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccum f a m = mapAccumWithKey (\a' _ x' -> f a' x') a m -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumWithKey' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in ascending order of keys. -- -- > let f a k b = (a ++ " " ++ (show k) ++ "-" ++ b, b ++ "X") -- > mapAccumWithKey f "Everything:" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == ("Everything: 3-b 5-a", fromList [(3, "bX"), (5, "aX")]) mapAccumWithKey :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumWithKey f a t = mapAccumL f a t -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumL' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in ascending order of keys. mapAccumL :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumL _ a Tip = (a,Tip) mapAccumL f a (Bin sx kx x l r) = let (a1,l') = mapAccumL f a l (a2,x') = f a1 kx x (a3,r') = mapAccumL f a2 r in x' `seq` (a3,Bin sx kx x' l' r') -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumR' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in descending order of keys. mapAccumRWithKey :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumRWithKey _ a Tip = (a,Tip) mapAccumRWithKey f a (Bin sx kx x l r) = let (a1,r') = mapAccumRWithKey f a r (a2,x') = f a1 kx x (a3,l') = mapAccumRWithKey f a2 l in x' `seq` (a3,Bin sx kx x' l' r') -- | /O(n*log n)/. -- @'mapKeysWith' c f s@ is the map obtained by applying @f@ to each key of @s@. -- -- The size of the result may be smaller if @f@ maps two or more distinct -- keys to the same new key. In this case the associated values will be -- combined using @c@. -- -- > mapKeysWith (++) (\ _ -> 1) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 1 "cdab" -- > mapKeysWith (++) (\ _ -> 3) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 3 "cdab" mapKeysWith :: Ord k2 => (a -> a -> a) -> (k1->k2) -> Map k1 a -> Map k2 a mapKeysWith c f = fromListWith c . foldrWithKey (\k x xs -> (f k, x) : xs) [] #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE mapKeysWith #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Conversions --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from a set of keys and a function which for each key -- computes its value. -- -- > fromSet (\k -> replicate k 'a') (Data.Set.fromList [3, 5]) == fromList [(5,"aaaaa"), (3,"aaa")] -- > fromSet undefined Data.Set.empty == empty fromSet :: (k -> a) -> Set.Set k -> Map k a fromSet _ Set.Tip = Tip fromSet f (Set.Bin sz x l r) = case f x of v -> v `seq` Bin sz x v (fromSet f l) (fromSet f r) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Lists use [foldlStrict] to reduce demand on the control-stack --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs. See also 'fromAscList'. -- If the list contains more than one value for the same key, the last value -- for the key is retained. -- -- If the keys of the list are ordered, linear-time implementation is used, -- with the performance equal to 'fromDistinctAscList'. -- -- > fromList [] == empty -- > fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5, "c")] == fromList [(5,"c"), (3,"b")] -- > fromList [(5,"c"), (3,"b"), (5, "a")] == fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")] -- For some reason, when 'singleton' is used in fromList or in -- create, it is not inlined, so we inline it manually. fromList :: Ord k => [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromList [] = Tip fromList [(kx, x)] = x `seq` Bin 1 kx x Tip Tip fromList ((kx0, x0) : xs0) | not_ordered kx0 xs0 = x0 `seq` fromList' (Bin 1 kx0 x0 Tip Tip) xs0 | otherwise = x0 `seq` go (1::Int) (Bin 1 kx0 x0 Tip Tip) xs0 where not_ordered _ [] = False not_ordered kx ((ky,_) : _) = kx >= ky {-# INLINE not_ordered #-} fromList' t0 xs = foldlStrict ins t0 xs where ins t (k,x) = insert k x t STRICT_1_OF_3(go) go _ t [] = t go _ t [(kx, x)] = x `seq` insertMax kx x t go s l xs@((kx, x) : xss) | not_ordered kx xss = fromList' l xs | otherwise = case create s xss of (r, ys, []) -> x `seq` go (s `shiftL` 1) (link kx x l r) ys (r, _, ys) -> x `seq` fromList' (link kx x l r) ys -- The create is returning a triple (tree, xs, ys). Both xs and ys -- represent not yet processed elements and only one of them can be nonempty. -- If ys is nonempty, the keys in ys are not ordered with respect to tree -- and must be inserted using fromList'. Otherwise the keys have been -- ordered so far. STRICT_1_OF_2(create) create _ [] = (Tip, [], []) create s xs@(xp : xss) | s == 1 = case xp of (kx, x) | not_ordered kx xss -> x `seq` (Bin 1 kx x Tip Tip, [], xss) | otherwise -> x `seq` (Bin 1 kx x Tip Tip, xss, []) | otherwise = case create (s `shiftR` 1) xs of res@(_, [], _) -> res (l, [(ky, y)], zs) -> y `seq` (insertMax ky y l, [], zs) (l, ys@((ky, y):yss), _) | not_ordered ky yss -> (l, [], ys) | otherwise -> case create (s `shiftR` 1) yss of (r, zs, ws) -> y `seq` (link ky y l r, zs, ws) #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromList #-} #endif -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs with a combining function. See also 'fromAscListWith'. -- -- > fromListWith (++) [(5,"a"), (5,"b"), (3,"b"), (3,"a"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "ab"), (5, "aba")] -- > fromListWith (++) [] == empty fromListWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromListWith f xs = fromListWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) xs #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromListWith #-} #endif -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs with a combining function. See also 'fromAscListWithKey'. -- -- > let f k a1 a2 = (show k) ++ a1 ++ a2 -- > fromListWithKey f [(5,"a"), (5,"b"), (3,"b"), (3,"a"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "3ab"), (5, "5a5ba")] -- > fromListWithKey f [] == empty fromListWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromListWithKey f xs = foldlStrict ins empty xs where ins t (k,x) = insertWithKey f k x t #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromListWithKey #-} #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Building trees from ascending/descending lists can be done in linear time. Note that if [xs] is ascending that: fromAscList xs == fromList xs fromAscListWith f xs == fromListWith f xs --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "b")] -- > valid (fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscList :: Eq k => [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscList xs = fromAscListWithKey (\_ x _ -> x) xs #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromAscList #-} #endif -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time with a combining function for equal keys. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > fromAscListWith (++) [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "ba")] -- > valid (fromAscListWith (++) [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscListWith (++) [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscListWith :: Eq k => (a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscListWith f xs = fromAscListWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) xs #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromAscListWith #-} #endif -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time with a -- combining function for equal keys. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > let f k a1 a2 = (show k) ++ ":" ++ a1 ++ a2 -- > fromAscListWithKey f [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:b5:ba")] -- > valid (fromAscListWithKey f [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscListWithKey f [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscListWithKey :: Eq k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscListWithKey f xs = fromDistinctAscList (combineEq f xs) where -- [combineEq f xs] combines equal elements with function [f] in an ordered list [xs] combineEq _ xs' = case xs' of [] -> [] [x] -> [x] (x:xx) -> combineEq' x xx combineEq' z [] = [z] combineEq' z@(kz,zz) (x@(kx,xx):xs') | kx==kz = let yy = f kx xx zz in yy `seq` combineEq' (kx,yy) xs' | otherwise = z:combineEq' x xs' #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 700 {-# INLINABLE fromAscListWithKey #-} #endif -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list of distinct elements in linear time. -- /The precondition is not checked./ -- -- > fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > valid (fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) == True -- > valid (fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == False -- For some reason, when 'singleton' is used in fromDistinctAscList or in -- create, it is not inlined, so we inline it manually. fromDistinctAscList :: [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromDistinctAscList [] = Tip fromDistinctAscList ((kx0, x0) : xs0) = x0 `seq` go (1::Int) (Bin 1 kx0 x0 Tip Tip) xs0 where STRICT_1_OF_3(go) go _ t [] = t go s l ((kx, x) : xs) = case create s xs of (r, ys) -> x `seq` go (s `shiftL` 1) (link kx x l r) ys STRICT_1_OF_2(create) create _ [] = (Tip, []) create s xs@(x' : xs') | s == 1 = case x' of (kx, x) -> x `seq` (Bin 1 kx x Tip Tip, xs') | otherwise = case create (s `shiftR` 1) xs of res@(_, []) -> res (l, (ky, y):ys) -> case create (s `shiftR` 1) ys of (r, zs) -> y `seq` (link ky y l r, zs)