typecheck/TcDerivUtils.hs

    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

    Error-checking and other utilities for @deriving@ clauses or declarations.
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}

    module TcDerivUtils (
            DerivM, DerivEnv(..),
            DerivSpec(..), pprDerivSpec,
            DerivSpecMechanism(..), isDerivSpecStock,
            isDerivSpecNewtype, isDerivSpecAnyClass,
            DerivContext, DerivStatus(..),
            PredOrigin(..), ThetaOrigin(..), mkPredOrigin,
            mkThetaOrigin, mkThetaOriginFromPreds, substPredOrigin,
            checkSideConditions, hasStockDeriving,
            canDeriveAnyClass,
            std_class_via_coercible, non_coercible_class,
            newDerivClsInst, extendLocalInstEnv
        ) where

    import GhcPrelude

    import Bag
    import BasicTypes
    import Class
    import DataCon
    import DynFlags
    import ErrUtils
    import HscTypes (lookupFixity, mi_fix)
    import HsSyn
    import Inst
    import InstEnv
    import LoadIface (loadInterfaceForName)
    import Module (getModule)
    import Name
    import Outputable
    import PrelNames
    import SrcLoc
    import TcGenDeriv
    import TcGenFunctor
    import TcGenGenerics
    import TcRnMonad
    import TcType
    import THNames (liftClassKey)
    import TyCon
    import Type
    import Util
    import VarSet

    import Control.Monad.Trans.Reader
    import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt
    import ListSetOps (assocMaybe)

    -- | To avoid having to manually plumb everything in 'DerivEnv' throughout
    -- various functions in @TcDeriv@ and @TcDerivInfer@, we use 'DerivM', which
    -- is a simple reader around 'TcRn'.
    type DerivM = ReaderT DerivEnv TcRn

    -- | Contains all of the information known about a derived instance when
    -- determining what its @EarlyDerivSpec@ should be.
    data DerivEnv = DerivEnv
      { denv_overlap_mode :: Maybe OverlapMode
        -- ^ Is this an overlapping instance?
      , denv_tvs          :: [TyVar]
        -- ^ Universally quantified type variables in the instance
      , denv_cls          :: Class
        -- ^ Class for which we need to derive an instance
      , denv_cls_tys      :: [Type]
        -- ^ Other arguments to the class except the last
      , denv_tc           :: TyCon
        -- ^ Type constructor for which the instance is requested
        --   (last arguments to the type class)
      , denv_tc_args      :: [Type]
        -- ^ Arguments to the type constructor
      , denv_rep_tc       :: TyCon
        -- ^ The representation tycon for 'denv_tc'
        --   (for data family instances)
      , denv_rep_tc_args  :: [Type]
        -- ^ The representation types for 'denv_tc_args'
        --   (for data family instances)
      , denv_mtheta       :: DerivContext
        -- ^ 'Just' the context of the instance, for standalone deriving.
        --   'Nothing' for @deriving@ clauses.
      , denv_strat        :: Maybe DerivStrategy
        -- ^ 'Just' if user requests a particular deriving strategy.
        --   Otherwise, 'Nothing'.
      }

    instance Outputable DerivEnv where
      ppr (DerivEnv { denv_overlap_mode = overlap_mode
                    , denv_tvs          = tvs
                    , denv_cls          = cls
                    , denv_cls_tys      = cls_tys
                    , denv_tc           = tc
                    , denv_tc_args      = tc_args
                    , denv_rep_tc       = rep_tc
                    , denv_rep_tc_args  = rep_tc_args
                    , denv_mtheta       = mtheta
                    , denv_strat        = mb_strat })
        = hang (text "DerivEnv")
             2 (vcat [ text "denv_overlap_mode" <+> ppr overlap_mode
                     , text "denv_tvs"          <+> ppr tvs
                     , text "denv_cls"          <+> ppr cls
                     , text "denv_cls_tys"      <+> ppr cls_tys
                     , text "denv_tc"           <+> ppr tc
                     , text "denv_tc_args"      <+> ppr tc_args
                     , text "denv_rep_tc"       <+> ppr rep_tc
                     , text "denv_rep_tc_args"  <+> ppr rep_tc_args
                     , text "denv_mtheta"       <+> ppr mtheta
                     , text "denv_strat"        <+> ppr mb_strat ])

    data DerivSpec theta = DS { ds_loc       :: SrcSpan
                              , ds_name      :: Name         -- DFun name
                              , ds_tvs       :: [TyVar]
                              , ds_theta     :: theta
                              , ds_cls       :: Class
                              , ds_tys       :: [Type]
                              , ds_tc        :: TyCon
                              , ds_overlap   :: Maybe OverlapMode
                              , ds_mechanism :: DerivSpecMechanism }
            -- This spec implies a dfun declaration of the form
            --       df :: forall tvs. theta => C tys
            -- The Name is the name for the DFun we'll build
            -- The tyvars bind all the variables in the theta
            -- For type families, the tycon in
            --       in ds_tys is the *family* tycon
            --       in ds_tc is the *representation* type
            -- For non-family tycons, both are the same

            -- the theta is either the given and final theta, in standalone deriving,
            -- or the not-yet-simplified list of constraints together with their origin

            -- ds_mechanism specifies the means by which GHC derives the instance.
            -- See Note [Deriving strategies] in TcDeriv

    {-
    Example:

         newtype instance T [a] = MkT (Tree a) deriving( C s )
    ==>
         axiom T [a] = :RTList a
         axiom :RTList a = Tree a

         DS { ds_tvs = [a,s], ds_cls = C, ds_tys = [s, T [a]]
            , ds_tc = :RTList, ds_mechanism = DerivSpecNewtype (Tree a) }
    -}

    pprDerivSpec :: Outputable theta => DerivSpec theta -> SDoc
    pprDerivSpec (DS { ds_loc = l, ds_name = n, ds_tvs = tvs, ds_cls = c,
                       ds_tys = tys, ds_theta = rhs, ds_mechanism = mech })
      = hang (text "DerivSpec")
           2 (vcat [ text "ds_loc       =" <+> ppr l
                   , text "ds_name      =" <+> ppr n
                   , text "ds_tvs       =" <+> ppr tvs
                   , text "ds_cls       =" <+> ppr c
                   , text "ds_tys       =" <+> ppr tys
                   , text "ds_theta     =" <+> ppr rhs
                   , text "ds_mechanism =" <+> ppr mech ])

    instance Outputable theta => Outputable (DerivSpec theta) where
      ppr = pprDerivSpec

    -- What action to take in order to derive a class instance.
    -- See Note [Deriving strategies] in TcDeriv
    data DerivSpecMechanism
      = DerivSpecStock   -- "Standard" classes
          (SrcSpan -> TyCon
                   -> [Type]
                   -> TcM (LHsBinds GhcPs, BagDerivStuff, [Name]))
          -- This function returns three things:
          --
          -- 1. @LHsBinds GhcPs@: The derived instance's function bindings
          --    (e.g., @compare (T x) (T y) = compare x y@)
          -- 2. @BagDerivStuff@: Auxiliary bindings needed to support the derived
          --    instance. As examples, derived 'Generic' instances require
          --    associated type family instances, and derived 'Eq' and 'Ord'
          --    instances require top-level @con2tag@ functions.
          --    See Note [Auxiliary binders] in TcGenDeriv.
          -- 3. @[Name]@: A list of Names for which @-Wunused-binds@ should be
          --    suppressed. This is used to suppress unused warnings for record
          --    selectors when deriving 'Read', 'Show', or 'Generic'.
          --    See Note [Deriving and unused record selectors].

      | DerivSpecNewtype -- -XGeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
          Type -- The newtype rep type

      | DerivSpecAnyClass -- -XDeriveAnyClass

    isDerivSpecStock, isDerivSpecNewtype, isDerivSpecAnyClass
      :: DerivSpecMechanism -> Bool
    isDerivSpecStock (DerivSpecStock{}) = True
    isDerivSpecStock _                  = False

    isDerivSpecNewtype (DerivSpecNewtype{}) = True
    isDerivSpecNewtype _                    = False

    isDerivSpecAnyClass (DerivSpecAnyClass{}) = True
    isDerivSpecAnyClass _                     = False

    -- A DerivSpecMechanism can be losslessly converted to a DerivStrategy.
    mechanismToStrategy :: DerivSpecMechanism -> DerivStrategy
    mechanismToStrategy (DerivSpecStock{})    = StockStrategy
    mechanismToStrategy (DerivSpecNewtype{})  = NewtypeStrategy
    mechanismToStrategy (DerivSpecAnyClass{}) = AnyclassStrategy

    instance Outputable DerivSpecMechanism where
      ppr = ppr . mechanismToStrategy

    type DerivContext = Maybe ThetaType
       -- Nothing    <=> Vanilla deriving; infer the context of the instance decl
       -- Just theta <=> Standalone deriving: context supplied by programmer

    data DerivStatus = CanDerive                 -- Stock class, can derive
                     | DerivableClassError SDoc  -- Stock class, but can't do it
                     | DerivableViaInstance      -- See Note [Deriving any class]
                     | NonDerivableClass SDoc    -- Non-stock class

    -- A stock class is one either defined in the Haskell report or for which GHC
    -- otherwise knows how to generate code for (possibly requiring the use of a
    -- language extension), such as Eq, Ord, Ix, Data, Generic, etc.

    -- | A 'PredType' annotated with the origin of the constraint 'CtOrigin',
    -- and whether or the constraint deals in types or kinds.
    data PredOrigin = PredOrigin PredType CtOrigin TypeOrKind

    -- | A list of wanted 'PredOrigin' constraints ('to_wanted_origins') alongside
    -- any corresponding given constraints ('to_givens') and locally quantified
    -- type variables ('to_tvs').
    --
    -- In most cases, 'to_givens' will be empty, as most deriving mechanisms (e.g.,
    -- stock and newtype deriving) do not require given constraints. The exception
    -- is @DeriveAnyClass@, which can involve given constraints. For example,
    -- if you tried to derive an instance for the following class using
    -- @DeriveAnyClass@:
    --
    -- @
    -- class Foo a where
    --   bar :: a -> b -> String
    --   default bar :: (Show a, Ix b) => a -> b -> String
    --   bar = show
    --
    --   baz :: Eq a => a -> a -> Bool
    --   default baz :: Ord a => a -> a -> Bool
    --   baz x y = compare x y == EQ
    -- @
    --
    -- Then it would generate two 'ThetaOrigin's, one for each method:
    --
    -- @
    -- [ ThetaOrigin { to_tvs            = [b]
    --               , to_givens         = []
    --               , to_wanted_origins = [Show a, Ix b] }
    -- , ThetaOrigin { to_tvs            = []
    --               , to_givens         = [Eq a]
    --               , to_wanted_origins = [Ord a] }
    -- ]
    -- @
    data ThetaOrigin
      = ThetaOrigin { to_tvs            :: [TyVar]
                    , to_givens         :: ThetaType
                    , to_wanted_origins :: [PredOrigin] }

    instance Outputable PredOrigin where
      ppr (PredOrigin ty _ _) = ppr ty -- The origin is not so interesting when debugging

    instance Outputable ThetaOrigin where
      ppr (ThetaOrigin { to_tvs = tvs
                       , to_givens = givens
                       , to_wanted_origins = wanted_origins })
        = hang (text "ThetaOrigin")
             2 (vcat [ text "to_tvs            =" <+> ppr tvs
                     , text "to_givens         =" <+> ppr givens
                     , text "to_wanted_origins =" <+> ppr wanted_origins ])

    mkPredOrigin :: CtOrigin -> TypeOrKind -> PredType -> PredOrigin
    mkPredOrigin origin t_or_k pred = PredOrigin pred origin t_or_k

    mkThetaOrigin :: CtOrigin -> TypeOrKind -> [TyVar] -> ThetaType -> ThetaType
                  -> ThetaOrigin
    mkThetaOrigin origin t_or_k tvs givens
      = ThetaOrigin tvs givens . map (mkPredOrigin origin t_or_k)

    -- A common case where the ThetaOrigin only contains wanted constraints, with
    -- no givens or locally scoped type variables.
    mkThetaOriginFromPreds :: [PredOrigin] -> ThetaOrigin
    mkThetaOriginFromPreds = ThetaOrigin [] []

    substPredOrigin :: HasCallStack => TCvSubst -> PredOrigin -> PredOrigin
    substPredOrigin subst (PredOrigin pred origin t_or_k)
      = PredOrigin (substTy subst pred) origin t_or_k

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Class deriving diagnostics
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Only certain blessed classes can be used in a deriving clause (without the
    assistance of GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving or DeriveAnyClass). These classes
    are listed below in the definition of hasStockDeriving. The sideConditions
    function determines the criteria that needs to be met in order for a particular
    class to be able to be derived successfully.

    A class might be able to be used in a deriving clause if -XDeriveAnyClass
    is willing to support it. The canDeriveAnyClass function checks if this is the
    case.
    -}

    hasStockDeriving
      :: Class -> Maybe (SrcSpan
                         -> TyCon
                         -> [Type]
                         -> TcM (LHsBinds GhcPs, BagDerivStuff, [Name]))
    hasStockDeriving clas
      = assocMaybe gen_list (getUnique clas)
      where
        gen_list
          :: [(Unique, SrcSpan
                       -> TyCon
                       -> [Type]
                       -> TcM (LHsBinds GhcPs, BagDerivStuff, [Name]))]
        gen_list = [ (eqClassKey,          simpleM gen_Eq_binds)
                   , (ordClassKey,         simpleM gen_Ord_binds)
                   , (enumClassKey,        simpleM gen_Enum_binds)
                   , (boundedClassKey,     simple gen_Bounded_binds)
                   , (ixClassKey,          simpleM gen_Ix_binds)
                   , (showClassKey,        read_or_show gen_Show_binds)
                   , (readClassKey,        read_or_show gen_Read_binds)
                   , (dataClassKey,        simpleM gen_Data_binds)
                   , (functorClassKey,     simple gen_Functor_binds)
                   , (foldableClassKey,    simple gen_Foldable_binds)
                   , (traversableClassKey, simple gen_Traversable_binds)
                   , (liftClassKey,        simple gen_Lift_binds)
                   , (genClassKey,         generic (gen_Generic_binds Gen0))
                   , (gen1ClassKey,        generic (gen_Generic_binds Gen1)) ]

        simple gen_fn loc tc _
          = let (binds, deriv_stuff) = gen_fn loc tc
            in return (binds, deriv_stuff, [])

        simpleM gen_fn loc tc _
          = do { (binds, deriv_stuff) <- gen_fn loc tc
               ; return (binds, deriv_stuff, []) }

        read_or_show gen_fn loc tc _
          = do { fix_env <- getDataConFixityFun tc
               ; let (binds, deriv_stuff) = gen_fn fix_env loc tc
                     field_names          = all_field_names tc
               ; return (binds, deriv_stuff, field_names) }

        generic gen_fn _ tc inst_tys
          = do { (binds, faminst) <- gen_fn tc inst_tys
               ; let field_names = all_field_names tc
               ; return (binds, unitBag (DerivFamInst faminst), field_names) }

        -- See Note [Deriving and unused record selectors]
        all_field_names = map flSelector . concatMap dataConFieldLabels
                                         . tyConDataCons

    {-
    Note [Deriving and unused record selectors]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider this (see Trac #13919):

      module Main (main) where

      data Foo = MkFoo {bar :: String} deriving Show

      main :: IO ()
      main = print (Foo "hello")

    Strictly speaking, the record selector `bar` is unused in this module, since
    neither `main` nor the derived `Show` instance for `Foo` mention `bar`.
    However, the behavior of `main` is affected by the presence of `bar`, since
    it will print different output depending on whether `MkFoo` is defined using
    record selectors or not. Therefore, we do not to issue a
    "Defined but not used: ‘bar’" warning for this module, since removing `bar`
    changes the program's behavior. This is the reason behind the [Name] part of
    the return type of `hasStockDeriving`—it tracks all of the record selector
    `Name`s for which -Wunused-binds should be suppressed.

    Currently, the only three stock derived classes that require this are Read,
    Show, and Generic, as their derived code all depend on the record selectors
    of the derived data type's constructors.

    See also Note [Newtype deriving and unused constructors] in TcDeriv for
    another example of a similar trick.
    -}

    getDataConFixityFun :: TyCon -> TcM (Name -> Fixity)
    -- If the TyCon is locally defined, we want the local fixity env;
    -- but if it is imported (which happens for standalone deriving)
    -- we need to get the fixity env from the interface file
    -- c.f. RnEnv.lookupFixity, and Trac #9830
    getDataConFixityFun tc
      = do { this_mod <- getModule
           ; if nameIsLocalOrFrom this_mod name
             then do { fix_env <- getFixityEnv
                     ; return (lookupFixity fix_env) }
             else do { iface <- loadInterfaceForName doc name
                                -- Should already be loaded!
                     ; return (mi_fix iface . nameOccName) } }
      where
        name = tyConName tc
        doc = text "Data con fixities for" <+> ppr name

    ------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Check side conditions that dis-allow derivability for particular classes
    -- This is *apart* from the newtype-deriving mechanism
    --
    -- Here we get the representation tycon in case of family instances as it has
    -- the data constructors - but we need to be careful to fall back to the
    -- family tycon (with indexes) in error messages.

    checkSideConditions :: DynFlags -> DerivContext -> Class -> [TcType]
                        -> TyCon -- tycon
                        -> DerivStatus
    checkSideConditions dflags mtheta cls cls_tys rep_tc
      | Just cond <- sideConditions mtheta cls
      = case (cond dflags rep_tc) of
            NotValid err -> DerivableClassError err  -- Class-specific error
            IsValid  | null (filterOutInvisibleTypes (classTyCon cls) cls_tys)
                       -> CanDerive
                       -- All stock derivable classes are unary in the sense that
                       -- there should be not types in cls_tys (i.e., no type args
                       -- other than last). Note that cls_types can contain
                       -- invisible types as well (e.g., for Generic1, which is
                       -- poly-kinded), so make sure those are not counted.
                     | otherwise -> DerivableClassError (classArgsErr cls cls_tys)
                       -- e.g. deriving( Eq s )

      | NotValid err <- canDeriveAnyClass dflags
      = NonDerivableClass err  -- DeriveAnyClass does not work

      | otherwise
      = DerivableViaInstance   -- DeriveAnyClass should work

    classArgsErr :: Class -> [Type] -> SDoc
    classArgsErr cls cls_tys = quotes (ppr (mkClassPred cls cls_tys)) <+> text "is not a class"

    -- Side conditions (whether the datatype must have at least one constructor,
    -- required language extensions, etc.) for using GHC's stock deriving
    -- mechanism on certain classes (as opposed to classes that require
    -- GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving or DeriveAnyClass). Returns Nothing for a
    -- class for which stock deriving isn't possible.
    sideConditions :: DerivContext -> Class -> Maybe Condition
    sideConditions mtheta cls
      | cls_key == eqClassKey          = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_args cls)
      | cls_key == ordClassKey         = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_args cls)
      | cls_key == showClassKey        = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_args cls)
      | cls_key == readClassKey        = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_args cls)
      | cls_key == enumClassKey        = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_isEnumeration)
      | cls_key == ixClassKey          = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_enumOrProduct cls)
      | cls_key == boundedClassKey     = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_enumOrProduct cls)
      | cls_key == dataClassKey        = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveDataTypeable `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_args cls)
      | cls_key == functorClassKey     = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveFunctor `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_functorOK True False)
      | cls_key == foldableClassKey    = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveFoldable `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_functorOK False True)
                                               -- Functor/Fold/Trav works ok
                                               -- for rank-n types
      | cls_key == traversableClassKey = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveTraversable `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_functorOK False False)
      | cls_key == genClassKey         = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveGeneric `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_RepresentableOk)
      | cls_key == gen1ClassKey        = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveGeneric `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_Representable1Ok)
      | cls_key == liftClassKey        = Just (checkFlag LangExt.DeriveLift `andCond`
                                               cond_vanilla `andCond`
                                               cond_args cls)
      | otherwise                      = Nothing
      where
        cls_key = getUnique cls
        cond_std     = cond_stdOK mtheta False  -- Vanilla data constructors, at least one,
                                                --    and monotype arguments
        cond_vanilla = cond_stdOK mtheta True   -- Vanilla data constructors but
                                                --   allow no data cons or polytype arguments

    canDeriveAnyClass :: DynFlags -> Validity
    -- IsValid: we can (try to) derive it via an empty instance declaration
    -- NotValid s:  we can't, reason s
    canDeriveAnyClass dflags
      | not (xopt LangExt.DeriveAnyClass dflags)
      = NotValid (text "Try enabling DeriveAnyClass")
      | otherwise
      = IsValid   -- OK!

    type Condition = DynFlags -> TyCon -> Validity
            -- TyCon is the *representation* tycon if the data type is an indexed one
            -- Nothing => OK

    orCond :: Condition -> Condition -> Condition
    orCond c1 c2 dflags tc
      = case (c1 dflags tc, c2 dflags tc) of
         (IsValid,    _)          -> IsValid    -- c1 succeeds
         (_,          IsValid)    -> IsValid    -- c21 succeeds
         (NotValid x, NotValid y) -> NotValid (x $$ text "  or" $$ y)
                                                -- Both fail

    andCond :: Condition -> Condition -> Condition
    andCond c1 c2 dflags tc = c1 dflags tc `andValid` c2 dflags tc

    cond_stdOK :: DerivContext -- Says whether this is standalone deriving or not;
                               --     if standalone, we just say "yes, go for it"
               -> Bool         -- True <=> permissive: allow higher rank
                               --          args and no data constructors
               -> Condition
    cond_stdOK (Just _) _ _ _
      = IsValid     -- Don't check these conservative conditions for
                    -- standalone deriving; just generate the code
                    -- and let the typechecker handle the result
    cond_stdOK Nothing permissive dflags rep_tc
      | null data_cons
      , not permissive = checkFlag LangExt.EmptyDataDeriving dflags rep_tc
                         `orValid`
                         NotValid (no_cons_why rep_tc $$ empty_data_suggestion)
      | not (null con_whys) = NotValid (vcat con_whys $$ standalone_suggestion)
      | otherwise           = IsValid
      where
        empty_data_suggestion =
          text "Use EmptyDataDeriving to enable deriving for empty data types"
        standalone_suggestion =
          text "Possible fix: use a standalone deriving declaration instead"
        data_cons  = tyConDataCons rep_tc
        con_whys   = getInvalids (map check_con data_cons)

        check_con :: DataCon -> Validity
        check_con con
          | not (null eq_spec)
          = bad "is a GADT"
          | not (null ex_tvs)
          = bad "has existential type variables in its type"
          | not (null theta)
          = bad "has constraints in its type"
          | not (permissive || all isTauTy (dataConOrigArgTys con))
          = bad "has a higher-rank type"
          | otherwise
          = IsValid
          where
            (_, ex_tvs, eq_spec, theta, _, _) = dataConFullSig con
            bad msg = NotValid (badCon con (text msg))

    no_cons_why :: TyCon -> SDoc
    no_cons_why rep_tc = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+>
                         text "must have at least one data constructor"

    cond_RepresentableOk :: Condition
    cond_RepresentableOk _ tc = canDoGenerics tc

    cond_Representable1Ok :: Condition
    cond_Representable1Ok _ tc = canDoGenerics1 tc

    cond_enumOrProduct :: Class -> Condition
    cond_enumOrProduct cls = cond_isEnumeration `orCond`
                             (cond_isProduct `andCond` cond_args cls)

    cond_args :: Class -> Condition
    -- For some classes (eg Eq, Ord) we allow unlifted arg types
    -- by generating specialised code.  For others (eg Data) we don't.
    cond_args cls _ tc
      = case bad_args of
          []     -> IsValid
          (ty:_) -> NotValid (hang (text "Don't know how to derive" <+> quotes (ppr cls))
                                 2 (text "for type" <+> quotes (ppr ty)))
      where
        bad_args = [ arg_ty | con <- tyConDataCons tc
                            , arg_ty <- dataConOrigArgTys con
                            , isUnliftedType arg_ty
                            , not (ok_ty arg_ty) ]

        cls_key = classKey cls
        ok_ty arg_ty
         | cls_key == eqClassKey   = check_in arg_ty ordOpTbl
         | cls_key == ordClassKey  = check_in arg_ty ordOpTbl
         | cls_key == showClassKey = check_in arg_ty boxConTbl
         | cls_key == liftClassKey = check_in arg_ty litConTbl
         | otherwise               = False    -- Read, Ix etc

        check_in :: Type -> [(Type,a)] -> Bool
        check_in arg_ty tbl = any (eqType arg_ty . fst) tbl

    cond_isEnumeration :: Condition
    cond_isEnumeration _ rep_tc
      | isEnumerationTyCon rep_tc = IsValid
      | otherwise                 = NotValid why
      where
        why = sep [ quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+>
                      text "must be an enumeration type"
                  , text "(an enumeration consists of one or more nullary, non-GADT constructors)" ]
                      -- See Note [Enumeration types] in TyCon

    cond_isProduct :: Condition
    cond_isProduct _ rep_tc
      | isProductTyCon rep_tc = IsValid
      | otherwise             = NotValid why
      where
        why = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+>
              text "must have precisely one constructor"

    cond_functorOK :: Bool -> Bool -> Condition
    -- OK for Functor/Foldable/Traversable class
    -- Currently: (a) at least one argument
    --            (b) don't use argument contravariantly
    --            (c) don't use argument in the wrong place, e.g. data T a = T (X a a)
    --            (d) optionally: don't use function types
    --            (e) no "stupid context" on data type
    cond_functorOK allowFunctions allowExQuantifiedLastTyVar _ rep_tc
      | null tc_tvs
      = NotValid (text "Data type" <+> quotes (ppr rep_tc)
                  <+> text "must have some type parameters")

      | not (null bad_stupid_theta)
      = NotValid (text "Data type" <+> quotes (ppr rep_tc)
                  <+> text "must not have a class context:" <+> pprTheta bad_stupid_theta)

      | otherwise
      = allValid (map check_con data_cons)
      where
        tc_tvs            = tyConTyVars rep_tc
        Just (_, last_tv) = snocView tc_tvs
        bad_stupid_theta  = filter is_bad (tyConStupidTheta rep_tc)
        is_bad pred       = last_tv `elemVarSet` exactTyCoVarsOfType pred
          -- See Note [Check that the type variable is truly universal]

        data_cons = tyConDataCons rep_tc
        check_con con = allValid (check_universal con : foldDataConArgs (ft_check con) con)

        check_universal :: DataCon -> Validity
        check_universal con
          | allowExQuantifiedLastTyVar
          = IsValid -- See Note [DeriveFoldable with ExistentialQuantification]
                    -- in TcGenFunctor
          | Just tv <- getTyVar_maybe (last (tyConAppArgs (dataConOrigResTy con)))
          , tv `elem` dataConUnivTyVars con
          , not (tv `elemVarSet` exactTyCoVarsOfTypes (dataConTheta con))
          = IsValid   -- See Note [Check that the type variable is truly universal]
          | otherwise
          = NotValid (badCon con existential)

        ft_check :: DataCon -> FFoldType Validity
        ft_check con = FT { ft_triv = IsValid, ft_var = IsValid
                          , ft_co_var = NotValid (badCon con covariant)
                          , ft_fun = \x y -> if allowFunctions then x `andValid` y
                                                               else NotValid (badCon con functions)
                          , ft_tup = \_ xs  -> allValid xs
                          , ft_ty_app = \_ x   -> x
                          , ft_bad_app = NotValid (badCon con wrong_arg)
                          , ft_forall = \_ x   -> x }

        existential = text "must be truly polymorphic in the last argument of the data type"
        covariant   = text "must not use the type variable in a function argument"
        functions   = text "must not contain function types"
        wrong_arg   = text "must use the type variable only as the last argument of a data type"

    checkFlag :: LangExt.Extension -> Condition
    checkFlag flag dflags _
      | xopt flag dflags = IsValid
      | otherwise        = NotValid why
      where
        why = text "You need " <> text flag_str
              <+> text "to derive an instance for this class"
        flag_str = case [ flagSpecName f | f <- xFlags , flagSpecFlag f == flag ] of
                     [s]   -> s
                     other -> pprPanic "checkFlag" (ppr other)

    std_class_via_coercible :: Class -> Bool
    -- These standard classes can be derived for a newtype
    -- using the coercible trick *even if no -XGeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
    -- because giving so gives the same results as generating the boilerplate
    std_class_via_coercible clas
      = classKey clas `elem` [eqClassKey, ordClassKey, ixClassKey, boundedClassKey]
            -- Not Read/Show because they respect the type
            -- Not Enum, because newtypes are never in Enum

    non_coercible_class :: Class -> Bool
    -- *Never* derive Read, Show, Typeable, Data, Generic, Generic1, Lift
    -- by Coercible, even with -XGeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
    -- Also, avoid Traversable, as the Coercible-derived instance and the "normal"-derived
    -- instance behave differently if there's a non-lawful Applicative out there.
    -- Besides, with roles, Coercible-deriving Traversable is ill-roled.
    non_coercible_class cls
      = classKey cls `elem` ([ readClassKey, showClassKey, dataClassKey
                             , genClassKey, gen1ClassKey, typeableClassKey
                             , traversableClassKey, liftClassKey ])

    badCon :: DataCon -> SDoc -> SDoc
    badCon con msg = text "Constructor" <+> quotes (ppr con) <+> msg

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    newDerivClsInst :: ThetaType -> DerivSpec theta -> TcM ClsInst
    newDerivClsInst theta (DS { ds_name = dfun_name, ds_overlap = overlap_mode
                              , ds_tvs = tvs, ds_cls = clas, ds_tys = tys })
      = newClsInst overlap_mode dfun_name tvs theta clas tys

    extendLocalInstEnv :: [ClsInst] -> TcM a -> TcM a
    -- Add new locally-defined instances; don't bother to check
    -- for functional dependency errors -- that'll happen in TcInstDcls
    extendLocalInstEnv dfuns thing_inside
     = do { env <- getGblEnv
          ; let  inst_env' = extendInstEnvList (tcg_inst_env env) dfuns
                 env'      = env { tcg_inst_env = inst_env' }
          ; setGblEnv env' thing_inside }

    {-
    Note [Deriving any class]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Classic uses of a deriving clause, or a standalone-deriving declaration, are
    for:
      * a stock class like Eq or Show, for which GHC knows how to generate
        the instance code
      * a newtype, via the mechanism enabled by GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving

    The DeriveAnyClass extension adds a third way to derive instances, based on
    empty instance declarations.

    The canonical use case is in combination with GHC.Generics and default method
    signatures. These allow us to have instance declarations being empty, but still
    useful, e.g.

      data T a = ...blah..blah... deriving( Generic )
      instance C a => C (T a)  -- No 'where' clause

    where C is some "random" user-defined class.

    This boilerplate code can be replaced by the more compact

      data T a = ...blah..blah... deriving( Generic, C )

    if DeriveAnyClass is enabled.

    This is not restricted to Generics; any class can be derived, simply giving
    rise to an empty instance.

    Unfortunately, it is not clear how to determine the context (when using a
    deriving clause; in standalone deriving, the user provides the context).
    GHC uses the same heuristic for figuring out the class context that it uses for
    Eq in the case of *-kinded classes, and for Functor in the case of
    * -> *-kinded classes. That may not be optimal or even wrong. But in such
    cases, standalone deriving can still be used.

    Note [Check that the type variable is truly universal]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    For Functor and Traversable instances, we must check that the *last argument*
    of the type constructor is used truly universally quantified.  Example

       data T a b where
         T1 :: a -> b -> T a b      -- Fine! Vanilla H-98
         T2 :: b -> c -> T a b      -- Fine! Existential c, but we can still map over 'b'
         T3 :: b -> T Int b         -- Fine! Constraint 'a', but 'b' is still polymorphic
         T4 :: Ord b => b -> T a b  -- No!  'b' is constrained
         T5 :: b -> T b b           -- No!  'b' is constrained
         T6 :: T a (b,b)            -- No!  'b' is constrained

    Notice that only the first of these constructors is vanilla H-98. We only
    need to take care about the last argument (b in this case).  See Trac #8678.
    Eg. for T1-T3 we can write

         fmap f (T1 a b) = T1 a (f b)
         fmap f (T2 b c) = T2 (f b) c
         fmap f (T3 x)   = T3 (f x)

    We need not perform these checks for Foldable instances, however, since
    functions in Foldable can only consume existentially quantified type variables,
    rather than produce them (as is the case in Functor and Traversable functions.)
    As a result, T can have a derived Foldable instance:

        foldr f z (T1 a b) = f b z
        foldr f z (T2 b c) = f b z
        foldr f z (T3 x)   = f x z
        foldr f z (T4 x)   = f x z
        foldr f z (T5 x)   = f x z
        foldr _ z T6       = z

    See Note [DeriveFoldable with ExistentialQuantification] in TcGenFunctor.

    For Functor and Traversable, we must take care not to let type synonyms
    unfairly reject a type for not being truly universally quantified. An
    example of this is:

        type C (a :: Constraint) b = a
        data T a b = C (Show a) b => MkT b

    Here, the existential context (C (Show a) b) does technically mention the last
    type variable b. But this is OK, because expanding the type synonym C would
    give us the context (Show a), which doesn't mention b. Therefore, we must make
    sure to expand type synonyms before performing this check. Not doing so led to
    Trac #13813.
    -}