typecheck/TcHsType.hs

    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

    \section[TcMonoType]{Typechecking user-specified @MonoTypes@}
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP, TupleSections, MultiWayIf, RankNTypes #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}

    module TcHsType (
            -- Type signatures
            kcHsSigType, tcClassSigType,
            tcHsSigType, tcHsSigWcType,
            tcHsPartialSigType,
            funsSigCtxt, addSigCtxt, pprSigCtxt,

            tcHsClsInstType,
            tcHsDeriv, tcDerivStrategy,
            tcHsTypeApp,
            UserTypeCtxt(..),
            bindImplicitTKBndrs_Tv, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol,
                bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol,
            bindExplicitTKBndrs_Tv, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Skol,
                bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol,
            ContextKind(..),

                    -- Type checking type and class decls
            kcLookupTcTyCon, bindTyClTyVars,
            etaExpandAlgTyCon, tcbVisibilities,

              -- tyvars
            zonkAndScopedSort,

            -- Kind-checking types
            -- No kind generalisation, no checkValidType
            kcLHsQTyVars,
            tcWildCardBinders,
            tcHsLiftedType,   tcHsOpenType,
            tcHsLiftedTypeNC, tcHsOpenTypeNC,
            tcLHsType, tcLHsTypeUnsaturated, tcCheckLHsType,
            tcHsMbContext, tcHsContext, tcLHsPredType, tcInferApps,
            failIfEmitsConstraints,
            solveEqualities, -- useful re-export

            typeLevelMode, kindLevelMode,

            kindGeneralize, checkExpectedKind, RequireSaturation(..),
            reportFloatingKvs,

            -- Sort-checking kinds
            tcLHsKindSig, badKindSig,

            -- Zonking and promoting
            zonkPromoteType,

            -- Pattern type signatures
            tcHsPatSigType, tcPatSig,

            -- Error messages
            funAppCtxt, addTyConFlavCtxt
       ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import GhcPrelude

    import HsSyn
    import TcRnMonad
    import TcEvidence
    import TcEnv
    import TcMType
    import TcValidity
    import TcUnify
    import TcIface
    import TcSimplify
    import TcHsSyn
    import TcErrors ( reportAllUnsolved )
    import TcType
    import Inst   ( tcInstTyBinders, tcInstTyBinder )
    import TyCoRep( TyCoBinder(..), TyBinder, tyCoBinderArgFlag )  -- Used in etaExpandAlgTyCon
    import Type
    import TysPrim
    import Coercion
    import RdrName( lookupLocalRdrOcc )
    import Var
    import VarSet
    import TyCon
    import ConLike
    import DataCon
    import Class
    import Name
    import NameSet
    import VarEnv
    import TysWiredIn
    import BasicTypes
    import SrcLoc
    import Constants ( mAX_CTUPLE_SIZE )
    import ErrUtils( MsgDoc )
    import Unique
    import UniqSet
    import Util
    import UniqSupply
    import Outputable
    import FastString
    import PrelNames hiding ( wildCardName )
    import DynFlags ( WarningFlag (Opt_WarnPartialTypeSignatures) )
    import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt

    import Maybes
    import Data.List ( find )
    import Control.Monad

    {-
            ----------------------------
                    General notes
            ----------------------------

    Unlike with expressions, type-checking types both does some checking and
    desugars at the same time. This is necessary because we often want to perform
    equality checks on the types right away, and it would be incredibly painful
    to do this on un-desugared types. Luckily, desugared types are close enough
    to HsTypes to make the error messages sane.

    During type-checking, we perform as little validity checking as possible.
    Generally, after type-checking, you will want to do validity checking, say
    with TcValidity.checkValidType.

    Validity checking
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Some of the validity check could in principle be done by the kind checker,
    but not all:

    - During desugaring, we normalise by expanding type synonyms.  Only
      after this step can we check things like type-synonym saturation
      e.g.  type T k = k Int
            type S a = a
      Then (T S) is ok, because T is saturated; (T S) expands to (S Int);
      and then S is saturated.  This is a GHC extension.

    - Similarly, also a GHC extension, we look through synonyms before complaining
      about the form of a class or instance declaration

    - Ambiguity checks involve functional dependencies

    Also, in a mutually recursive group of types, we can't look at the TyCon until we've
    finished building the loop.  So to keep things simple, we postpone most validity
    checking until step (3).

    %************************************************************************
    %*                                                                      *
                  Check types AND do validity checking
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    funsSigCtxt :: [Located Name] -> UserTypeCtxt
    -- Returns FunSigCtxt, with no redundant-context-reporting,
    -- form a list of located names
    funsSigCtxt (L _ name1 : _) = FunSigCtxt name1 False
    funsSigCtxt []              = panic "funSigCtxt"

    addSigCtxt :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcM a -> TcM a
    addSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty thing_inside
      = setSrcSpan (getLoc hs_ty) $
        addErrCtxt (pprSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty) $
        thing_inside

    pprSigCtxt :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsType GhcRn -> SDoc
    -- (pprSigCtxt ctxt <extra> <type>)
    -- prints    In the type signature for 'f':
    --              f :: <type>
    -- The <extra> is either empty or "the ambiguity check for"
    pprSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty
      | Just n <- isSigMaybe ctxt
      = hang (text "In the type signature:")
           2 (pprPrefixOcc n <+> dcolon <+> ppr hs_ty)

      | otherwise
      = hang (text "In" <+> pprUserTypeCtxt ctxt <> colon)
           2 (ppr hs_ty)

    tcHsSigWcType :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigWcType GhcRn -> TcM Type
    -- This one is used when we have a LHsSigWcType, but in
    -- a place where wildcards aren't allowed. The renamer has
    -- already checked this, so we can simply ignore it.
    tcHsSigWcType ctxt sig_ty = tcHsSigType ctxt (dropWildCards sig_ty)

    kcHsSigType :: [Located Name] -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM ()
    kcHsSigType names (HsIB { hsib_body = hs_ty
                                      , hsib_ext = sig_vars })
      = addSigCtxt (funsSigCtxt names) hs_ty $
        discardResult $
        bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol sig_vars $
        tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty liftedTypeKind

    kcHsSigType _ (XHsImplicitBndrs _) = panic "kcHsSigType"

    tcClassSigType :: SkolemInfo -> [Located Name] -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
    -- Does not do validity checking
    tcClassSigType skol_info names sig_ty
      = addSigCtxt (funsSigCtxt names) (hsSigType sig_ty) $
        tc_hs_sig_type skol_info sig_ty (TheKind liftedTypeKind)
           -- Do not zonk-to-Type, nor perform a validity check
           -- We are in a knot with the class and associated types
           -- Zonking and validity checking is done by tcClassDecl

    tcHsSigType :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
    -- Does validity checking
    -- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
    tcHsSigType ctxt sig_ty
      = addSigCtxt ctxt (hsSigType sig_ty) $
        do { traceTc "tcHsSigType {" (ppr sig_ty)

              -- Generalise here: see Note [Kind generalisation]
           ; ty <- tc_hs_sig_type skol_info sig_ty
                                          (expectedKindInCtxt ctxt)
           ; ty <- zonkTcType ty

           ; checkValidType ctxt ty
           ; traceTc "end tcHsSigType }" (ppr ty)
           ; return ty }
      where
        skol_info = SigTypeSkol ctxt

    tc_hs_sig_type :: SkolemInfo -> LHsSigType GhcRn
                   -> ContextKind -> TcM Type
    -- Kind-checks/desugars an 'LHsSigType',
    --   solve equalities,
    --   and then kind-generalizes.
    -- This will never emit constraints, as it uses solveEqualities interally.
    -- No validity checking or zonking
    tc_hs_sig_type skol_info hs_sig_type ctxt_kind
      | HsIB { hsib_ext = sig_vars, hsib_body = hs_ty } <- hs_sig_type
      = do { (tc_lvl, (wanted, (spec_tkvs, ty)))
                  <- pushTcLevelM                           $
                     solveLocalEqualitiesX "tc_hs_sig_type" $
                     bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol sig_vars      $
                     do { kind <- newExpectedKind ctxt_kind

                        ; tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty kind }
           -- Any remaining variables (unsolved in the solveLocalEqualities)
           -- should be in the global tyvars, and therefore won't be quantified

           ; spec_tkvs <- zonkAndScopedSort spec_tkvs
           ; let ty1 = mkSpecForAllTys spec_tkvs ty
           ; kvs <- kindGeneralizeLocal wanted ty1
           ; emitResidualTvConstraint skol_info Nothing (kvs ++ spec_tkvs)
                                      tc_lvl wanted

           ; return (mkInvForAllTys kvs ty1) }

    tc_hs_sig_type _ (XHsImplicitBndrs _) _ = panic "tc_hs_sig_type_and_gen"

    tcTopLHsType :: LHsSigType GhcRn -> ContextKind -> TcM Type
    -- tcTopLHsType is used for kind-checking top-level HsType where
    --   we want to fully solve /all/ equalities, and report errors
    -- Does zonking, but not validity checking because it's used
    --   for things (like deriving and instances) that aren't
    --   ordinary types
    tcTopLHsType hs_sig_type ctxt_kind
      | HsIB { hsib_ext = sig_vars, hsib_body = hs_ty } <- hs_sig_type
      = do { traceTc "tcTopLHsType {" (ppr hs_ty)
           ; (spec_tkvs, ty)
                  <- pushTcLevelM_                     $
                     solveEqualities                   $
                     bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol sig_vars $
                     do { kind <- newExpectedKind ctxt_kind
                        ; tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty kind }

           ; spec_tkvs <- zonkAndScopedSort spec_tkvs
           ; let ty1 = mkSpecForAllTys spec_tkvs ty
           ; kvs <- kindGeneralize ty1
           ; final_ty <- zonkTcTypeToType (mkInvForAllTys kvs ty1)
           ; traceTc "End tcTopLHsType }" (vcat [ppr hs_ty, ppr final_ty])
           ; return final_ty}

    tcTopLHsType (XHsImplicitBndrs _) _ = panic "tcTopLHsType"

    -----------------
    tcHsDeriv :: LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM ([TyVar], (Class, [Type], [Kind]))
    -- Like tcHsSigType, but for the ...deriving( C t1 ty2 ) clause
    -- Returns the C, [ty1, ty2, and the kinds of C's remaining arguments
    -- E.g.    class C (a::*) (b::k->k)
    --         data T a b = ... deriving( C Int )
    --    returns ([k], C, [k, Int], [k->k])
    -- Return values are fully zonked
    tcHsDeriv hs_ty
      = do { ty <- checkNoErrs $  -- Avoid redundant error report
                                  -- with "illegal deriving", below
                   tcTopLHsType hs_ty AnyKind
           ; let (tvs, pred)    = splitForAllTys ty
                 (kind_args, _) = splitFunTys (typeKind pred)
           ; case getClassPredTys_maybe pred of
               Just (cls, tys) -> return (tvs, (cls, tys, kind_args))
               Nothing -> failWithTc (text "Illegal deriving item" <+> quotes (ppr hs_ty)) }

    -- | Typecheck something within the context of a deriving strategy.
    -- This is of particular importance when the deriving strategy is @via@.
    -- For instance:
    --
    -- @
    -- deriving via (S a) instance C (T a)
    -- @
    --
    -- We need to typecheck @S a@, and moreover, we need to extend the tyvar
    -- environment with @a@ before typechecking @C (T a)@, since @S a@ quantified
    -- the type variable @a@.
    tcDerivStrategy
      :: forall a.
         Maybe (DerivStrategy GhcRn) -- ^ The deriving strategy
      -> TcM ([TyVar], a) -- ^ The thing to typecheck within the context of the
                          -- deriving strategy, which might quantify some type
                          -- variables of its own.
      -> TcM (Maybe (DerivStrategy GhcTc), [TyVar], a)
         -- ^ The typechecked deriving strategy, all quantified tyvars, and
         -- the payload of the typechecked thing.
    tcDerivStrategy mds thing_inside
      = case mds of
          Nothing -> boring_case Nothing
          Just ds -> do (ds', tvs, thing) <- tc_deriv_strategy ds
                        pure (Just ds', tvs, thing)
      where
        tc_deriv_strategy :: DerivStrategy GhcRn
                          -> TcM (DerivStrategy GhcTc, [TyVar], a)
        tc_deriv_strategy StockStrategy    = boring_case StockStrategy
        tc_deriv_strategy AnyclassStrategy = boring_case AnyclassStrategy
        tc_deriv_strategy NewtypeStrategy  = boring_case NewtypeStrategy
        tc_deriv_strategy (ViaStrategy ty) = do
          ty' <- checkNoErrs $
                 tcTopLHsType ty AnyKind
          let (via_tvs, via_pred) = splitForAllTys ty'
          tcExtendTyVarEnv via_tvs $ do
            (thing_tvs, thing) <- thing_inside
            pure (ViaStrategy via_pred, via_tvs ++ thing_tvs, thing)

        boring_case :: mds -> TcM (mds, [TyVar], a)
        boring_case mds = do
          (thing_tvs, thing) <- thing_inside
          pure (mds, thing_tvs, thing)

    tcHsClsInstType :: UserTypeCtxt    -- InstDeclCtxt or SpecInstCtxt
                    -> LHsSigType GhcRn
                    -> TcM Type
    -- Like tcHsSigType, but for a class instance declaration
    tcHsClsInstType user_ctxt hs_inst_ty
      = setSrcSpan (getLoc (hsSigType hs_inst_ty)) $
        do { -- Fail eagerly if tcTopLHsType fails.  We are at top level so
             -- these constraints will never be solved later. And failing
             -- eagerly avoids follow-on errors when checkValidInstance
             -- sees an unsolved coercion hole
             inst_ty <- checkNoErrs $
                        tcTopLHsType hs_inst_ty (TheKind constraintKind)
           ; checkValidInstance user_ctxt hs_inst_ty inst_ty
           ; return inst_ty }

    ----------------------------------------------
    -- | Type-check a visible type application
    tcHsTypeApp :: LHsWcType GhcRn -> Kind -> TcM Type
    -- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature] in TcHsType
    tcHsTypeApp wc_ty kind
      | HsWC { hswc_ext = sig_wcs, hswc_body = hs_ty } <- wc_ty
      = do { ty <- solveLocalEqualities "tcHsTypeApp" $
                   -- We are looking at a user-written type, very like a
                   -- signature so we want to solve its equalities right now
                   unsetWOptM Opt_WarnPartialTypeSignatures $
                   setXOptM LangExt.PartialTypeSignatures $
                   -- See Note [Wildcards in visible type application]
                   tcWildCardBinders sig_wcs $ \ _ ->
                   tcCheckLHsType hs_ty kind
           -- We must promote here. Ex:
           --   f :: forall a. a
           --   g = f @(forall b. Proxy b -> ()) @Int ...
           -- After when processing the @Int, we'll have to check its kind
           -- against the as-yet-unknown kind of b. This check causes an assertion
           -- failure if we don't promote.
           ; ty <- zonkPromoteType ty
           ; checkValidType TypeAppCtxt ty
           ; return ty }
    tcHsTypeApp (XHsWildCardBndrs _) _ = panic "tcHsTypeApp"

    {- Note [Wildcards in visible type application]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    A HsWildCardBndrs's hswc_ext now only includes named wildcards, so any unnamed
    wildcards stay unchanged in hswc_body and when called in tcHsTypeApp, tcCheckLHsType
    will call emitWildCardHoleConstraints on them. However, this would trigger
    error/warning when an unnamed wildcard is passed in as a visible type argument,
    which we do not want because users should be able to write @_ to skip a instantiating
    a type variable variable without fuss. The solution is to switch the
    PartialTypeSignatures flags here to let the typechecker know that it's checking
    a '@_' and do not emit hole constraints on it.
    See related Note [Wildcards in visible kind application]
    and Note [The wildcard story for types] in HsTypes.hs

    -}

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                The main kind checker: no validity checks here
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

            First a couple of simple wrappers for kcHsType
    -}

    ---------------------------
    tcHsOpenType, tcHsLiftedType,
      tcHsOpenTypeNC, tcHsLiftedTypeNC :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM TcType
    -- Used for type signatures
    -- Do not do validity checking
    tcHsOpenType ty   = addTypeCtxt ty $ tcHsOpenTypeNC ty
    tcHsLiftedType ty = addTypeCtxt ty $ tcHsLiftedTypeNC ty

    tcHsOpenTypeNC   ty = do { ek <- newOpenTypeKind
                             ; tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode ty ek }
    tcHsLiftedTypeNC ty = tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode ty liftedTypeKind

    -- Like tcHsType, but takes an expected kind
    tcCheckLHsType :: LHsType GhcRn -> Kind -> TcM TcType
    tcCheckLHsType hs_ty exp_kind
      = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $
        tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty exp_kind

    tcLHsType :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    -- Called from outside: set the context
    tcLHsType ty = addTypeCtxt ty (tc_infer_lhs_type typeLevelMode ty)

    -- Like tcLHsType, but use it in a context where type synonyms and type families
    -- do not need to be saturated, like in a GHCi :kind call
    tcLHsTypeUnsaturated :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    tcLHsTypeUnsaturated ty = addTypeCtxt ty (tc_infer_lhs_type mode ty)
      where
        mode = allowUnsaturated typeLevelMode

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
          Type-checking modes
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The kind-checker is parameterised by a TcTyMode, which contains some
    information about where we're checking a type.

    The renamer issues errors about what it can. All errors issued here must
    concern things that the renamer can't handle.

    -}

    -- | Do we require type families to be saturated?
    data RequireSaturation
      = YesSaturation
      | NoSaturation   -- e.g. during a call to GHCi's :kind

    -- | Info about the context in which we're checking a type. Currently,
    -- differentiates only between types and kinds, but this will likely
    -- grow, at least to include the distinction between patterns and
    -- not-patterns.
    data TcTyMode
      = TcTyMode { mode_level :: TypeOrKind
                 , mode_sat   :: RequireSaturation
                 }
     -- The mode_unsat field is solely so that type families/synonyms can be unsaturated
     -- in GHCi :kind calls

    typeLevelMode :: TcTyMode
    typeLevelMode = TcTyMode { mode_level = TypeLevel, mode_sat = YesSaturation }

    kindLevelMode :: TcTyMode
    kindLevelMode = TcTyMode { mode_level = KindLevel, mode_sat = YesSaturation }

    allowUnsaturated :: TcTyMode -> TcTyMode
    allowUnsaturated mode = mode { mode_sat = NoSaturation }

    -- switch to kind level
    kindLevel :: TcTyMode -> TcTyMode
    kindLevel mode = mode { mode_level = KindLevel }

    instance Outputable RequireSaturation where
      ppr YesSaturation = text "YesSaturation"
      ppr NoSaturation  = text "NoSaturation"

    instance Outputable TcTyMode where
      ppr = ppr . mode_level

    {-
    Note [Bidirectional type checking]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In expressions, whenever we see a polymorphic identifier, say `id`, we are
    free to instantiate it with metavariables, knowing that we can always
    re-generalize with type-lambdas when necessary. For example:

      rank2 :: (forall a. a -> a) -> ()
      x = rank2 id

    When checking the body of `x`, we can instantiate `id` with a metavariable.
    Then, when we're checking the application of `rank2`, we notice that we really
    need a polymorphic `id`, and then re-generalize over the unconstrained
    metavariable.

    In types, however, we're not so lucky, because *we cannot re-generalize*!
    There is no lambda. So, we must be careful only to instantiate at the last
    possible moment, when we're sure we're never going to want the lost polymorphism
    again. This is done in calls to tcInstTyBinders.

    To implement this behavior, we use bidirectional type checking, where we
    explicitly think about whether we know the kind of the type we're checking
    or not. Note that there is a difference between not knowing a kind and
    knowing a metavariable kind: the metavariables are TauTvs, and cannot become
    forall-quantified kinds. Previously (before dependent types), there were
    no higher-rank kinds, and so we could instantiate early and be sure that
    no types would have polymorphic kinds, and so we could always assume that
    the kind of a type was a fresh metavariable. Not so anymore, thus the
    need for two algorithms.

    For HsType forms that can never be kind-polymorphic, we implement only the
    "down" direction, where we safely assume a metavariable kind. For HsType forms
    that *can* be kind-polymorphic, we implement just the "up" (functions with
    "infer" in their name) version, as we gain nothing by also implementing the
    "down" version.

    Note [Future-proofing the type checker]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    As discussed in Note [Bidirectional type checking], each HsType form is
    handled in *either* tc_infer_hs_type *or* tc_hs_type. These functions
    are mutually recursive, so that either one can work for any type former.
    But, we want to make sure that our pattern-matches are complete. So,
    we have a bunch of repetitive code just so that we get warnings if we're
    missing any patterns.

    Note [The tcType invariant]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    (IT1) If    tc_ty = tc_hs_type hs_ty exp_kind
          then  tcTypeKind tc_ty = exp_kind
    without any zonking needed.  The reason for this is that in
    tcInferApps we see (F ty), and we kind-check 'ty' with an
    expected-kind coming from F.  Then, to make the resulting application
    well kinded --- see Note [The well-kinded type invariant] in TcType ---
    we need the kind-checked 'ty' to have exactly the kind that F expects,
    with no funny zonking nonsense in between.

    The tcType invariant also applies to checkExpectedKind:

    (IT2) if
            (tc_ty, _, _) = checkExpectedKind ty act_ki exp_ki
          then
            tcTypeKind tc_ty = exp_ki

    These other invariants are all necessary, too, as these functions
    are used within tc_hs_type:

    (IT3) If (ty, ki) <- tc_infer_hs_type ..., then tcTypeKind ty == ki.

    (IT4) If (ty, ki) <- tc_infer_hs_type ..., then zonk ki == ki.
          (In other words, the result kind of tc_infer_hs_type is zonked.)

    (IT5) If (ty, ki) <- tcTyVar ..., then tcTypeKind ty == ki.

    (IT6) If (ty, ki) <- tcTyVar ..., then zonk ki == ki.
          (In other words, the result kind of tcTyVar is zonked.)

    -}

    ------------------------------------------
    -- | Check and desugar a type, returning the core type and its
    -- possibly-polymorphic kind. Much like 'tcInferRho' at the expression
    -- level.
    tc_infer_lhs_type :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    tc_infer_lhs_type mode (L span ty)
      = setSrcSpan span $
        do { (ty', kind) <- tc_infer_hs_type mode ty
           ; return (ty', kind) }

    -- | Infer the kind of a type and desugar. This is the "up" type-checker,
    -- as described in Note [Bidirectional type checking]
    tc_infer_hs_type :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsParTy _ t)          = tc_infer_lhs_type mode t
    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsTyVar _ _ (L _ tv)) = tcTyVar mode tv

    tc_infer_hs_type mode e@(HsAppTy {}) = tcTyApp mode e
    tc_infer_hs_type mode e@(HsAppKindTy {}) = tcTyApp mode e

    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsOpTy _ lhs lhs_op@(L _ hs_op) rhs)
      | not (hs_op `hasKey` funTyConKey)
      = do { (op, op_kind) <- tcTyVar mode hs_op
           ; tcTyApps mode (noLoc $ HsTyVar noExt NotPromoted lhs_op) op op_kind
                           [HsValArg lhs, HsValArg rhs] }

    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsKindSig _ ty sig)
      = do { sig' <- tcLHsKindSig KindSigCtxt sig
                     -- We must typecheck the kind signature, and solve all
                     -- its equalities etc; from this point on we may do
                     -- things like instantiate its foralls, so it needs
                     -- to be fully determined (Trac #14904)
           ; traceTc "tc_infer_hs_type:sig" (ppr ty $$ ppr sig')
           ; ty' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty sig'
           ; return (ty', sig') }

    -- HsSpliced is an annotation produced by 'RnSplice.rnSpliceType' to communicate
    -- the splice location to the typechecker. Here we skip over it in order to have
    -- the same kind inferred for a given expression whether it was produced from
    -- splices or not.
    --
    -- See Note [Delaying modFinalizers in untyped splices].
    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsSpliceTy _ (HsSpliced _ _ (HsSplicedTy ty)))
      = tc_infer_hs_type mode ty

    tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsDocTy _ ty _) = tc_infer_lhs_type mode ty
    tc_infer_hs_type _    (XHsType (NHsCoreTy ty))
      = do { ty <- zonkTcType ty  -- (IT3) and (IT4) of Note [The tcType invariant]
           ; return (ty, tcTypeKind ty) }

    tc_infer_hs_type _ (HsExplicitListTy _ _ tys)
      | null tys  -- this is so that we can use visible kind application with '[]
                  -- e.g ... '[] @Bool
      = return (mkTyConTy promotedNilDataCon,
                mkSpecForAllTys [alphaTyVar] $ mkListTy alphaTy)

    tc_infer_hs_type mode other_ty
      = do { kv <- newMetaKindVar
           ; ty' <- tc_hs_type mode other_ty kv
           ; return (ty', kv) }

    ------------------------------------------
    tc_lhs_type :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_lhs_type mode (L span ty) exp_kind
      = setSrcSpan span $
        tc_hs_type mode ty exp_kind

    ------------------------------------------
    tc_fun_type :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcKind
                -> TcM TcType
    tc_fun_type mode ty1 ty2 exp_kind = case mode_level mode of
      TypeLevel ->
        do { arg_k <- newOpenTypeKind
           ; res_k <- newOpenTypeKind
           ; ty1' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty1 arg_k
           ; ty2' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty2 res_k
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr $ HsFunTy noExt ty1 ty2) (mkFunTy ty1' ty2')
                               liftedTypeKind exp_kind }
      KindLevel ->  -- no representation polymorphism in kinds. yet.
        do { ty1' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty1 liftedTypeKind
           ; ty2' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty2 liftedTypeKind
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr $ HsFunTy noExt ty1 ty2) (mkFunTy ty1' ty2')
                               liftedTypeKind exp_kind }

    ------------------------------------------
    tc_hs_type :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
    -- See Note [The tcType invariant]
    -- See Note [Bidirectional type checking]

    tc_hs_type mode (HsParTy _ ty)   exp_kind = tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
    tc_hs_type mode (HsDocTy _ ty _) exp_kind = tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
    tc_hs_type _ ty@(HsBangTy _ bang _) _
        -- While top-level bangs at this point are eliminated (eg !(Maybe Int)),
        -- other kinds of bangs are not (eg ((!Maybe) Int)). These kinds of
        -- bangs are invalid, so fail. (#7210, #14761)
        = do { let bangError err = failWith $
                     text "Unexpected" <+> text err <+> text "annotation:" <+> ppr ty $$
                     text err <+> text "annotation cannot appear nested inside a type"
             ; case bang of
                 HsSrcBang _ SrcUnpack _           -> bangError "UNPACK"
                 HsSrcBang _ SrcNoUnpack _         -> bangError "NOUNPACK"
                 HsSrcBang _ NoSrcUnpack SrcLazy   -> bangError "laziness"
                 HsSrcBang _ _ _                   -> bangError "strictness" }
    tc_hs_type _ ty@(HsRecTy {})      _
          -- Record types (which only show up temporarily in constructor
          -- signatures) should have been removed by now
        = failWithTc (text "Record syntax is illegal here:" <+> ppr ty)

    -- HsSpliced is an annotation produced by 'RnSplice.rnSpliceType'.
    -- Here we get rid of it and add the finalizers to the global environment
    -- while capturing the local environment.
    --
    -- See Note [Delaying modFinalizers in untyped splices].
    tc_hs_type mode (HsSpliceTy _ (HsSpliced _ mod_finalizers (HsSplicedTy ty)))
               exp_kind
      = do addModFinalizersWithLclEnv mod_finalizers
           tc_hs_type mode ty exp_kind

    -- This should never happen; type splices are expanded by the renamer
    tc_hs_type _ ty@(HsSpliceTy {}) _exp_kind
      = failWithTc (text "Unexpected type splice:" <+> ppr ty)

    ---------- Functions and applications
    tc_hs_type mode (HsFunTy _ ty1 ty2) exp_kind
      = tc_fun_type mode ty1 ty2 exp_kind

    tc_hs_type mode (HsOpTy _ ty1 (L _ op) ty2) exp_kind
      | op `hasKey` funTyConKey
      = tc_fun_type mode ty1 ty2 exp_kind

    --------- Foralls
    tc_hs_type mode forall@(HsForAllTy { hst_bndrs = hs_tvs, hst_body = ty }) exp_kind
      = do { (tclvl, wanted, (tvs', ty'))
                <- pushLevelAndCaptureConstraints $
                   bindExplicitTKBndrs_Skol hs_tvs $
                   tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
        -- Do not kind-generalise here!  See Note [Kind generalisation]
        -- Why exp_kind?  See Note [Body kind of HsForAllTy]
           ; let bndrs       = mkTyVarBinders Specified tvs'
                 skol_info   = ForAllSkol (ppr forall)
                 m_telescope = Just (sep (map ppr hs_tvs))

           ; emitResidualTvConstraint skol_info m_telescope tvs' tclvl wanted

           ; return (mkForAllTys bndrs ty') }

    tc_hs_type mode (HsQualTy { hst_ctxt = ctxt, hst_body = ty }) exp_kind
      | null (unLoc ctxt)
      = tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind

      | otherwise
      = do { ctxt' <- tc_hs_context mode ctxt

             -- See Note [Body kind of a HsQualTy]
           ; ty' <- if tcIsConstraintKind exp_kind
                    then tc_lhs_type mode ty constraintKind
                    else do { ek <- newOpenTypeKind
                                    -- The body kind (result of the function)
                                    -- can be TYPE r, for any r, hence newOpenTypeKind
                            ; ty' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty ek
                            ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr ty) ty' liftedTypeKind exp_kind }

           ; return (mkPhiTy ctxt' ty') }

    --------- Lists, arrays, and tuples
    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsListTy _ elt_ty) exp_kind
      = do { tau_ty <- tc_lhs_type mode elt_ty liftedTypeKind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon listTyCon
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkListTy tau_ty) liftedTypeKind exp_kind }

    -- See Note [Distinguishing tuple kinds] in HsTypes
    -- See Note [Inferring tuple kinds]
    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsTupleTy _ HsBoxedOrConstraintTuple hs_tys) exp_kind
         -- (NB: not zonking before looking at exp_k, to avoid left-right bias)
      | Just tup_sort <- tupKindSort_maybe exp_kind
      = traceTc "tc_hs_type tuple" (ppr hs_tys) >>
        tc_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort hs_tys exp_kind
      | otherwise
      = do { traceTc "tc_hs_type tuple 2" (ppr hs_tys)
           ; (tys, kinds) <- mapAndUnzipM (tc_infer_lhs_type mode) hs_tys
           ; kinds <- mapM zonkTcType kinds
               -- Infer each arg type separately, because errors can be
               -- confusing if we give them a shared kind.  Eg Trac #7410
               -- (Either Int, Int), we do not want to get an error saying
               -- "the second argument of a tuple should have kind *->*"

           ; let (arg_kind, tup_sort)
                   = case [ (k,s) | k <- kinds
                                  , Just s <- [tupKindSort_maybe k] ] of
                        ((k,s) : _) -> (k,s)
                        [] -> (liftedTypeKind, BoxedTuple)
             -- In the [] case, it's not clear what the kind is, so guess *

           ; tys' <- sequence [ setSrcSpan loc $
                                checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr hs_ty) ty kind arg_kind
                              | ((L loc hs_ty),ty,kind) <- zip3 hs_tys tys kinds ]

           ; finish_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort tys' (map (const arg_kind) tys') exp_kind }

    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsTupleTy _ hs_tup_sort tys) exp_kind
      = tc_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort tys exp_kind
      where
        tup_sort = case hs_tup_sort of  -- Fourth case dealt with above
                      HsUnboxedTuple    -> UnboxedTuple
                      HsBoxedTuple      -> BoxedTuple
                      HsConstraintTuple -> ConstraintTuple
                      _                 -> panic "tc_hs_type HsTupleTy"

    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsSumTy _ hs_tys) exp_kind
      = do { let arity = length hs_tys
           ; arg_kinds <- mapM (\_ -> newOpenTypeKind) hs_tys
           ; tau_tys   <- zipWithM (tc_lhs_type mode) hs_tys arg_kinds
           ; let arg_reps = map kindRep arg_kinds
                 arg_tys  = arg_reps ++ tau_tys
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty)
                               (mkTyConApp (sumTyCon arity) arg_tys)
                               (unboxedSumKind arg_reps)
                               exp_kind
           }

    --------- Promoted lists and tuples
    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsExplicitListTy _ _ tys) exp_kind
      = do { tks <- mapM (tc_infer_lhs_type mode) tys
           ; (taus', kind) <- unifyKinds tys tks
           ; let ty = (foldr (mk_cons kind) (mk_nil kind) taus')
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) ty (mkListTy kind) exp_kind }
      where
        mk_cons k a b = mkTyConApp (promoteDataCon consDataCon) [k, a, b]
        mk_nil  k     = mkTyConApp (promoteDataCon nilDataCon) [k]

    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsExplicitTupleTy _ tys) exp_kind
      -- using newMetaKindVar means that we force instantiations of any polykinded
      -- types. At first, I just used tc_infer_lhs_type, but that led to #11255.
      = do { ks   <- replicateM arity newMetaKindVar
           ; taus <- zipWithM (tc_lhs_type mode) tys ks
           ; let kind_con   = tupleTyCon           Boxed arity
                 ty_con     = promotedTupleDataCon Boxed arity
                 tup_k      = mkTyConApp kind_con ks
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkTyConApp ty_con (ks ++ taus)) tup_k exp_kind }
      where
        arity = length tys

    --------- Constraint types
    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsIParamTy _ (L _ n) ty) exp_kind
      = do { MASSERT( isTypeLevel (mode_level mode) )
           ; ty' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty liftedTypeKind
           ; let n' = mkStrLitTy $ hsIPNameFS n
           ; ipClass <- tcLookupClass ipClassName
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkClassPred ipClass [n',ty'])
               constraintKind exp_kind }

    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsStarTy _ _) exp_kind
      -- Desugaring 'HsStarTy' to 'Data.Kind.Type' here means that we don't have to
      -- handle it in 'coreView' and 'tcView'.
      = checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) liftedTypeKind liftedTypeKind exp_kind

    --------- Literals
    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsTyLit _ (HsNumTy _ n)) exp_kind
      = do { checkWiredInTyCon typeNatKindCon
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkNumLitTy n) typeNatKind exp_kind }

    tc_hs_type mode rn_ty@(HsTyLit _ (HsStrTy _ s)) exp_kind
      = do { checkWiredInTyCon typeSymbolKindCon
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkStrLitTy s) typeSymbolKind exp_kind }

    --------- Potentially kind-polymorphic types: call the "up" checker
    -- See Note [Future-proofing the type checker]
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(HsTyVar {})   ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(HsAppTy {})   ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(HsAppKindTy{}) ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(HsOpTy {})    ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(HsKindSig {}) ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek
    tc_hs_type mode ty@(XHsType (NHsCoreTy{})) ek = tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode ty ek

    tc_hs_type mode wc@(HsWildCardTy _) exp_kind
      = do { wc_ty <- tcWildCardOcc mode wc exp_kind
           ; return (mkNakedCastTy wc_ty (mkTcNomReflCo exp_kind))
             -- Take care here! Even though the coercion is Refl,
             -- we still need it to establish Note [The tcType invariant]
           }

    tcWildCardOcc :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> Kind -> TcM TcType
    tcWildCardOcc mode wc exp_kind
      = do { wc_tv <- newWildTyVar
              -- The wildcard's kind should be an un-filled-in meta tyvar
           ; loc <- getSrcSpanM
           ; uniq <- newUnique
           ; let name = mkInternalName uniq (mkTyVarOcc "_") loc
           ; part_tysig <- xoptM LangExt.PartialTypeSignatures
           ; warning <- woptM Opt_WarnPartialTypeSignatures
           -- See Note [Wildcards in visible kind application]
           ; unless (part_tysig && not warning)
                 (emitWildCardHoleConstraints [(name,wc_tv)])
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr wc) (mkTyVarTy wc_tv)
                               (tyVarKind wc_tv) exp_kind }

    {- Note [Wildcards in visible kind application]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    There are cases where users might want to pass in a wildcard as a visible kind
    argument, for instance:

    data T :: forall k1 k2. k1 → k2 → Type where
      MkT :: T a b
    x :: T @_ @Nat False n
    x = MkT

    So we should allow '@_' without emitting any hole constraints, and
    regardless of whether PartialTypeSignatures is enabled or not. But how would
    the typechecker know which '_' is being used in VKA and which is not when it
    calls emitWildCardHoleConstraints in tcHsPartialSigType on all HsWildCardBndrs?
    The solution then is to neither rename nor include unnamed wildcards in HsWildCardBndrs,
    but instead give every unnamed wildcard a fresh wild tyvar in tcWildCardOcc.
    And whenever we see a '@', we automatically turn on PartialTypeSignatures and
    turn off hole constraint warnings, and never call emitWildCardHoleConstraints
    under these conditions.
    See related Note [Wildcards in visible type application] here and
    Note [The wildcard story for types] in HsTypes.hs

    -}
    ---------------------------
    -- | Call 'tc_infer_hs_type' and check its result against an expected kind.
    tc_infer_hs_type_ek :: HasDebugCallStack => TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode hs_ty ek
      = do { (ty, k) <- tc_infer_hs_type mode hs_ty
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr hs_ty) ty k ek }

    ---------------------------
    tupKindSort_maybe :: TcKind -> Maybe TupleSort
    tupKindSort_maybe k
      | Just (k', _) <- splitCastTy_maybe k = tupKindSort_maybe k'
      | Just k'      <- tcView k            = tupKindSort_maybe k'
      | tcIsConstraintKind k = Just ConstraintTuple
      | tcIsLiftedTypeKind k   = Just BoxedTuple
      | otherwise            = Nothing

    tc_tuple :: HsType GhcRn -> TcTyMode -> TupleSort -> [LHsType GhcRn] -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort tys exp_kind
      = do { arg_kinds <- case tup_sort of
               BoxedTuple      -> return (nOfThem arity liftedTypeKind)
               UnboxedTuple    -> mapM (\_ -> newOpenTypeKind) tys
               ConstraintTuple -> return (nOfThem arity constraintKind)
           ; tau_tys <- zipWithM (tc_lhs_type mode) tys arg_kinds
           ; finish_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort tau_tys arg_kinds exp_kind }
      where
        arity   = length tys

    finish_tuple :: HsType GhcRn
                 -> TcTyMode
                 -> TupleSort
                 -> [TcType]    -- ^ argument types
                 -> [TcKind]    -- ^ of these kinds
                 -> TcKind      -- ^ expected kind of the whole tuple
                 -> TcM TcType
    finish_tuple rn_ty mode tup_sort tau_tys tau_kinds exp_kind
      = do { traceTc "finish_tuple" (ppr res_kind $$ ppr tau_kinds $$ ppr exp_kind)
           ; let arg_tys  = case tup_sort of
                       -- See also Note [Unboxed tuple RuntimeRep vars] in TyCon
                     UnboxedTuple    -> tau_reps ++ tau_tys
                     BoxedTuple      -> tau_tys
                     ConstraintTuple -> tau_tys
           ; tycon <- case tup_sort of
               ConstraintTuple
                 | arity > mAX_CTUPLE_SIZE
                             -> failWith (bigConstraintTuple arity)
                 | otherwise -> tcLookupTyCon (cTupleTyConName arity)
               BoxedTuple    -> do { let tc = tupleTyCon Boxed arity
                                   ; checkWiredInTyCon tc
                                   ; return tc }
               UnboxedTuple  -> return (tupleTyCon Unboxed arity)
           ; checkExpectedKindMode mode (ppr rn_ty) (mkTyConApp tycon arg_tys) res_kind exp_kind }
      where
        arity = length tau_tys
        tau_reps = map kindRep tau_kinds
        res_kind = case tup_sort of
                     UnboxedTuple    -> unboxedTupleKind tau_reps
                     BoxedTuple      -> liftedTypeKind
                     ConstraintTuple -> constraintKind

    bigConstraintTuple :: Arity -> MsgDoc
    bigConstraintTuple arity
      = hang (text "Constraint tuple arity too large:" <+> int arity
              <+> parens (text "max arity =" <+> int mAX_CTUPLE_SIZE))
           2 (text "Instead, use a nested tuple")

    ---------------------------
    -- | Apply a type of a given kind to a list of arguments. This instantiates
    -- invisible parameters as necessary. Always consumes all the arguments,
    -- using matchExpectedFunKind as necessary.
    -- This takes an optional @VarEnv Kind@ which maps kind variables to kinds.-
    -- These kinds should be used to instantiate invisible kind variables;
    -- they come from an enclosing class for an associated type/data family.
    tcInferApps :: TcTyMode
                -> LHsType GhcRn        -- ^ Function (for printing only)
                -> TcType               -- ^ Function
                -> TcKind               -- ^ Function kind (zonked)
                -> [LHsTypeArg GhcRn]   -- ^ Args
                -> TcM (TcType, TcKind) -- ^ (f args, args, result kind)
    -- Precondition: tcTypeKind fun_ty = fun_ki
    --    Reason: we will return a type application like (fun_ty arg1 ... argn),
    --            and that type must be well-kinded
    --            See Note [The tcType invariant]
    -- Postcondition: Result kind is zonked.
    tcInferApps mode orig_hs_ty fun_ty fun_ki orig_hs_args
      = do { traceTc "tcInferApps {" (ppr orig_hs_ty $$ ppr orig_hs_args $$ ppr fun_ki)
           ; (f_args, res_k) <- go 1 empty_subst fun_ty orig_ki_binders orig_inner_ki orig_hs_args
           ; traceTc "tcInferApps }" empty
           ; res_k <- zonkTcType res_k  -- Uphold (IT4) of Note [The tcType invariant]
           ; return (f_args, res_k) }
      where
        empty_subst                      = mkEmptyTCvSubst $ mkInScopeSet $
                                           tyCoVarsOfType fun_ki
        (orig_ki_binders, orig_inner_ki) = tcSplitPiTys fun_ki

        go :: Int             -- the # of the next argument
           -> TCvSubst        -- instantiating substitution
           -> TcType          -- function applied to some args
           -> [TyBinder]      -- binders in function kind (both vis. and invis.)
           -> TcKind          -- function kind body (not a Pi-type)
           -> [LHsTypeArg GhcRn] -- un-type-checked args
           -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)  -- same as overall return type

          -- no user-written args left. We're done!
        go _ subst fun ki_binders inner_ki []
          = return ( fun
                   , nakedSubstTy subst $ mkPiTys ki_binders inner_ki)
                     -- nakedSubstTy: see Note [The well-kinded type invariant]
        go n subst fun all_kindbinder inner_ki (HsArgPar _:args)
          = go n subst fun all_kindbinder inner_ki args
          -- The function's kind has a binder. Is it visible or invisible?
        go n subst fun all_kindbinder@(ki_binder:ki_binders) inner_ki
           all_args@(arg:args)
          | Specified <- tyCoBinderArgFlag ki_binder
          , HsTypeArg _ ki <- arg
             -- Invisible and specified binder with visible kind argument
             = do { traceTc "tcInferApps (vis kind app)" (vcat [ ppr ki_binder, ppr ki
                                                         , ppr (tyBinderType ki_binder)
                                                         , ppr subst, ppr (tyCoBinderArgFlag ki_binder) ])
                      ; let exp_kind = nakedSubstTy subst $ tyBinderType ki_binder
                        -- nakedSubstTy: see Note [The well-kinded type invariant]
                      ; arg' <- addErrCtxt (funAppCtxt orig_hs_ty ki n) $
                                unsetWOptM Opt_WarnPartialTypeSignatures $
                                setXOptM LangExt.PartialTypeSignatures $
                                -- see Note [Wildcards in visible kind application]
                                tc_lhs_type (kindLevel mode) ki exp_kind
                      ; traceTc "tcInferApps (vis kind app)" (ppr exp_kind)
                      ; let subst' = extendTvSubstBinderAndInScope subst ki_binder arg'
                      ; go (n+1) subst'
                           (mkNakedAppTy fun arg')
                           ki_binders inner_ki args }

          | isInvisibleBinder ki_binder
              -- Instantiate if not specified or if there is no kind application
          = do { traceTc "tcInferApps (invis normal app)" (ppr ki_binder $$ ppr subst $$ ppr (tyCoBinderArgFlag ki_binder))
               ; (subst', arg') <- tcInstTyBinder Nothing subst ki_binder
               ; go n subst' (mkNakedAppTy fun arg')
                            ki_binders inner_ki all_args }

          | otherwise -- if binder is visible
             = case arg of
                 HsValArg ty -- check the next argument
                   -> do { traceTc "tcInferApps (vis normal app)"
                             (vcat [ ppr ki_binder
                                   , ppr ty
                                   , ppr (tyBinderType ki_binder)
                                   , ppr subst ])
                         ; let exp_kind = nakedSubstTy subst $ tyBinderType ki_binder
                         -- nakedSubstTy: see Note [The well-kinded type invariant]
                         ; arg' <- addErrCtxt (funAppCtxt orig_hs_ty ty n) $
                                   tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
                         ; traceTc "tcInferApps (vis normal app)" (ppr exp_kind)
                         ; let subst' = extendTvSubstBinderAndInScope subst ki_binder arg'
                         ; go (n+1) subst'
                              (mkNakedAppTy fun arg')
                              ki_binders inner_ki args }
                -- error if the argument is a kind application
                 HsTypeArg _ ki -> do { traceTc "tcInferApps (error)"
                                        (vcat [ ppr ki_binder
                                              , ppr ki
                                              , ppr (tyBinderType ki_binder)
                                              , ppr subst
                                              , ppr (isInvisibleBinder ki_binder) ])
                                      ; ty_app_err ki $ nakedSubstTy subst $
                                                      mkPiTys all_kindbinder inner_ki }

                 HsArgPar _ -> panic "tcInferApps"  -- handled in separate clause of "go"

           -- We've run out of known binders in the functions's kind.
        go n subst fun [] inner_ki all_args@(arg:args)
          | not (null new_ki_binders)
             -- But, after substituting, we have more binders.
          = go n zapped_subst fun new_ki_binders new_inner_ki all_args

          | otherwise
          = case arg of
            (HsValArg _)
             -- Even after substituting, still no binders. Use matchExpectedFunKind
             -> do { traceTc "tcInferApps (no binder)" (ppr new_inner_ki $$ ppr zapped_subst)
                   ; (co, arg_k, res_k) <- matchExpectedFunKind hs_ty substed_inner_ki
                   ; let new_in_scope = tyCoVarsOfTypes [arg_k, res_k]
                         subst'       = zapped_subst `extendTCvInScopeSet` new_in_scope
                   ; go n subst'
                        (fun `mkNakedCastTy` co)  -- See Note [The well-kinded type invariant]
                        [mkAnonBinder arg_k]
                        res_k all_args }
            (HsTypeArg _ ki) -> ty_app_err ki substed_inner_ki
            (HsArgPar _) -> go n subst fun [] inner_ki args
          where
            substed_inner_ki               = substTy subst inner_ki
            (new_ki_binders, new_inner_ki) = tcSplitPiTys substed_inner_ki
            zapped_subst                   = zapTCvSubst subst
            hs_ty = appTypeToArg orig_hs_ty (take (n-1) orig_hs_args)

        ty_app_err arg ty = failWith $ text "Cannot apply function of kind" <+> quotes (ppr ty)
                               $$ text "to visible kind argument" <+> quotes (ppr arg)

    appTypeToArg :: LHsType GhcRn -> [LHsTypeArg GhcRn] -> LHsType GhcRn
    appTypeToArg f [] = f
    appTypeToArg f (HsValArg arg : args) = appTypeToArg (mkHsAppTy f arg) args
    appTypeToArg f (HsTypeArg l arg : args)
      = appTypeToArg (mkHsAppKindTy l f arg) args
    appTypeToArg f (HsArgPar _ : arg) = appTypeToArg f arg

    -- | Applies a type to a list of arguments.
    -- Always consumes all the arguments, using 'matchExpectedFunKind' as
    -- necessary. If you wish to apply a type to a list of HsTypes, this is
    -- your function.
    -- Used for type-checking types only.
    tcTyApps :: TcTyMode
             -> LHsType GhcRn        -- ^ Function (for printing only)
             -> TcType               -- ^ Function
             -> TcKind               -- ^ Function kind (zonked)
             -> [LHsTypeArg GhcRn]   -- ^ Args
             -> TcM (TcType, TcKind) -- ^ (f args, result kind)   result kind is zonked
    -- Precondition: see precondition for tcInferApps
    tcTyApps mode orig_hs_ty fun_ty fun_ki args
      = do { (ty', ki') <- tcInferApps mode orig_hs_ty fun_ty fun_ki args
           ; return (ty' `mkNakedCastTy` mkNomReflCo ki', ki') }
              -- The mkNakedCastTy is for (IT3) of Note [The tcType invariant]

    tcTyApp :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind) -- only HsAppTy or HsAppKindTy
    tcTyApp mode e
      = do { let (hs_fun_ty, hs_args) = splitHsAppTys e
           ; (fun_ty, fun_kind) <- tc_infer_lhs_type mode hs_fun_ty
              -- NB: (IT4) of Note [The tcType invariant] ensures that fun_kind is zonked
           ; tcTyApps mode hs_fun_ty fun_ty fun_kind hs_args }
    --------------------------
    -- Internally-callable version of checkExpectedKind
    checkExpectedKindMode :: HasDebugCallStack
                          => TcTyMode
                          -> SDoc        -- type we're checking
                          -> TcType      -- type we're checking
                          -> TcKind      -- kind of that type
                          -> TcKind      -- expected kind
                          -> TcM TcType
    checkExpectedKindMode mode = checkExpectedKind (mode_sat mode)

    -- | This instantiates invisible arguments for the type being checked if it must
    -- be saturated and is not yet saturated. It then calls and uses the result
    -- from checkExpectedKindX to build the final type
    -- Obeys Note [The tcType invariant]
    checkExpectedKind :: HasDebugCallStack
                      => RequireSaturation  -- ^ Do we require all type families to be saturated?
                      -> SDoc           -- ^ type we're checking (for printing)
                      -> TcType         -- ^ type we're checking
                      -> TcKind         -- ^ the known kind of that type
                      -> TcKind         -- ^ the expected kind
                      -> TcM TcType
    checkExpectedKind sat hs_ty ty act exp
      = do { (new_ty, new_act) <- case splitTyConApp_maybe ty of
               Just (tc, args)
                 -- if the family tycon must be saturated and is not yet satured
                 -- If we don't do this, we get #11246
                 | YesSaturation <- sat
                 , not (mightBeUnsaturatedTyCon tc) && length args < tyConArity tc
                 -> do {
                       -- we need to instantiate all invisible arguments up until saturation
                       (tc_args, kind) <- tcInstTyBinders (splitPiTysInvisibleN
                                                            (tyConArity tc - length args)
                                                            act)
                       ; let tc_ty = mkTyConApp tc $ args ++ tc_args
                       ; traceTc "checkExpectedKind:satTyFam" (vcat [ ppr tc <+> dcolon <+> ppr act
                                                       , ppr kind ])
                       ; return (tc_ty, kind) }
               _ -> return (ty, act)
           ; (new_args, co_k) <- checkExpectedKindX hs_ty new_act exp
           ; return (new_ty `mkNakedAppTys` new_args `mkNakedCastTy` co_k) }

    checkExpectedKindX :: HasDebugCallStack
                       => SDoc                 -- HsType whose kind we're checking
                       -> TcKind               -- the known kind of that type, k
                       -> TcKind               -- the expected kind, exp_kind
                       -> TcM ([TcType], TcCoercionN)
        -- (the new args, the coercion)
    -- Instantiate a kind (if necessary) and then call unifyType
    --      (checkExpectedKind ty act_kind exp_kind)
    -- checks that the actual kind act_kind is compatible
    --      with the expected kind exp_kind
    checkExpectedKindX pp_hs_ty act_kind exp_kind
      = do { -- We need to make sure that both kinds have the same number of implicit
             -- foralls out front. If the actual kind has more, instantiate accordingly.
             -- Otherwise, just pass the type & kind through: the errors are caught
             -- in unifyType.
             let n_exp_invis_bndrs = invisibleTyBndrCount exp_kind
                 n_act_invis_bndrs = invisibleTyBndrCount act_kind
                 n_to_inst         = n_act_invis_bndrs - n_exp_invis_bndrs
           ; (new_args, act_kind') <- tcInstTyBinders (splitPiTysInvisibleN n_to_inst act_kind)

           ; let origin = TypeEqOrigin { uo_actual   = act_kind'
                                       , uo_expected = exp_kind
                                       , uo_thing    = Just pp_hs_ty
                                       , uo_visible  = True } -- the hs_ty is visible

           ; traceTc "checkExpectedKindX" $
             vcat [ pp_hs_ty
                  , text "act_kind:" <+> ppr act_kind
                  , text "act_kind':" <+> ppr act_kind'
                  , text "exp_kind:" <+> ppr exp_kind ]

           ; if act_kind' `tcEqType` exp_kind
             then return (new_args, mkTcNomReflCo exp_kind)  -- This is very common
             else do { co_k <- uType KindLevel origin act_kind' exp_kind
                     ; traceTc "checkExpectedKind" (vcat [ ppr act_kind
                                                         , ppr exp_kind
                                                         , ppr co_k ])
                          -- See Note [The tcType invariant]
                    ; return (new_args, co_k) } }

    ---------------------------
    tcHsMbContext :: Maybe (LHsContext GhcRn) -> TcM [PredType]
    tcHsMbContext Nothing    = return []
    tcHsMbContext (Just cxt) = tcHsContext cxt

    tcHsContext :: LHsContext GhcRn -> TcM [PredType]
    tcHsContext = tc_hs_context typeLevelMode

    tcLHsPredType :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM PredType
    tcLHsPredType = tc_lhs_pred typeLevelMode

    tc_hs_context :: TcTyMode -> LHsContext GhcRn -> TcM [PredType]
    tc_hs_context mode ctxt = mapM (tc_lhs_pred mode) (unLoc ctxt)

    tc_lhs_pred :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcM PredType
    tc_lhs_pred mode pred = tc_lhs_type mode pred constraintKind

    ---------------------------
    tcTyVar :: TcTyMode -> Name -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    -- See Note [Type checking recursive type and class declarations]
    -- in TcTyClsDecls
    tcTyVar mode name         -- Could be a tyvar, a tycon, or a datacon
      = do { traceTc "lk1" (ppr name)
           ; thing <- tcLookup name
           ; case thing of
               ATyVar _ tv -> -- Important: zonk before returning
                              -- We may have the application ((a::kappa) b)
                              -- where kappa is already unified to (k1 -> k2)
                              -- Then we want to see that arrow.  Best done
                              -- here because we are also maintaining
                              -- Note [The tcType invariant], so we don't just
                              -- want to zonk the kind, leaving the TyVar
                              -- un-zonked  (Trac #14873)
                              do { ty <- zonkTcTyVar tv
                                 ; return (ty, tcTypeKind ty) }

               ATcTyCon tc_tc
                 -> do { -- See Note [GADT kind self-reference]
                         unless (isTypeLevel (mode_level mode))
                                (promotionErr name TyConPE)
                       ; check_tc tc_tc
                       ; tc_kind <- zonkTcType (tyConKind tc_tc)
                            -- (IT6) of Note [The tcType invariant]
                       ; return (mkTyConTy tc_tc `mkNakedCastTy` mkNomReflCo tc_kind, tc_kind) }
                            -- the mkNakedCastTy ensures (IT5) of Note [The tcType invariant]

               AGlobal (ATyCon tc)
                 -> do { check_tc tc
                       ; return (mkTyConTy tc, tyConKind tc) }

               AGlobal (AConLike (RealDataCon dc))
                 -> do { data_kinds <- xoptM LangExt.DataKinds
                       ; unless (data_kinds || specialPromotedDc dc) $
                           promotionErr name NoDataKindsDC
                       ; when (isFamInstTyCon (dataConTyCon dc)) $
                           -- see Trac #15245
                           promotionErr name FamDataConPE
                       ; let (_, _, _, theta, _, _) = dataConFullSig dc
                       ; case dc_theta_illegal_constraint theta of
                           Just pred -> promotionErr name $
                                        ConstrainedDataConPE pred
                           Nothing   -> pure ()
                       ; let tc = promoteDataCon dc
                       ; return (mkTyConApp tc [], tyConKind tc) }

               APromotionErr err -> promotionErr name err

               _  -> wrongThingErr "type" thing name }
      where
        check_tc :: TyCon -> TcM ()
        check_tc tc = do { data_kinds   <- xoptM LangExt.DataKinds
                         ; unless (isTypeLevel (mode_level mode) ||
                                   data_kinds ||
                                   isKindTyCon tc) $
                           promotionErr name NoDataKindsTC }

        -- We cannot promote a data constructor with a context that contains
        -- constraints other than equalities, so error if we find one.
        -- See Note [Constraints handled in types] in Inst.
        dc_theta_illegal_constraint :: ThetaType -> Maybe PredType
        dc_theta_illegal_constraint = find go
          where
            go :: PredType -> Bool
            go pred | Just tc <- tyConAppTyCon_maybe pred
                    = not $  tc `hasKey` eqTyConKey
                          || tc `hasKey` heqTyConKey
                    | otherwise = True

    {-
    Note [GADT kind self-reference]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    A promoted type cannot be used in the body of that type's declaration.
    Trac #11554 shows this example, which made GHC loop:

      import Data.Kind
      data P (x :: k) = Q
      data A :: Type where
        B :: forall (a :: A). P a -> A

    In order to check the constructor B, we need to have the promoted type A, but in
    order to get that promoted type, B must first be checked. To prevent looping, a
    TyConPE promotion error is given when tcTyVar checks an ATcTyCon in kind mode.
    Any ATcTyCon is a TyCon being defined in the current recursive group (see data
    type decl for TcTyThing), and all such TyCons are illegal in kinds.

    Trac #11962 proposes checking the head of a data declaration separately from
    its constructors. This would allow the example above to pass.

    Note [Body kind of a HsForAllTy]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The body of a forall is usually a type, but in principle
    there's no reason to prohibit *unlifted* types.
    In fact, GHC can itself construct a function with an
    unboxed tuple inside a for-all (via CPR analysis; see
    typecheck/should_compile/tc170).

    Moreover in instance heads we get forall-types with
    kind Constraint.

    It's tempting to check that the body kind is either * or #. But this is
    wrong. For example:

      class C a b
      newtype N = Mk Foo deriving (C a)

    We're doing newtype-deriving for C. But notice how `a` isn't in scope in
    the predicate `C a`. So we quantify, yielding `forall a. C a` even though
    `C a` has kind `* -> Constraint`. The `forall a. C a` is a bit cheeky, but
    convenient. Bottom line: don't check for * or # here.

    Note [Body kind of a HsQualTy]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    If ctxt is non-empty, the HsQualTy really is a /function/, so the
    kind of the result really is '*', and in that case the kind of the
    body-type can be lifted or unlifted.

    However, consider
        instance Eq a => Eq [a] where ...
    or
        f :: (Eq a => Eq [a]) => blah
    Here both body-kind of the HsQualTy is Constraint rather than *.
    Rather crudely we tell the difference by looking at exp_kind. It's
    very convenient to typecheck instance types like any other HsSigType.

    Admittedly the '(Eq a => Eq [a]) => blah' case is erroneous, but it's
    better to reject in checkValidType.  If we say that the body kind
    should be '*' we risk getting TWO error messages, one saying that Eq
    [a] doens't have kind '*', and one saying that we need a Constraint to
    the left of the outer (=>).

    How do we figure out the right body kind?  Well, it's a bit of a
    kludge: I just look at the expected kind.  If it's Constraint, we
    must be in this instance situation context. It's a kludge because it
    wouldn't work if any unification was involved to compute that result
    kind -- but it isn't.  (The true way might be to use the 'mode'
    parameter, but that seemed like a sledgehammer to crack a nut.)

    Note [Inferring tuple kinds]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Give a tuple type (a,b,c), which the parser labels as HsBoxedOrConstraintTuple,
    we try to figure out whether it's a tuple of kind * or Constraint.
      Step 1: look at the expected kind
      Step 2: infer argument kinds

    If after Step 2 it's not clear from the arguments that it's
    Constraint, then it must be *.  Once having decided that we re-check
    the Check the arguments again to give good error messages
    in eg. `(Maybe, Maybe)`

    Note that we will still fail to infer the correct kind in this case:

      type T a = ((a,a), D a)
      type family D :: Constraint -> Constraint

    While kind checking T, we do not yet know the kind of D, so we will default the
    kind of T to * -> *. It works if we annotate `a` with kind `Constraint`.

    Note [Desugaring types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The type desugarer is phase 2 of dealing with HsTypes.  Specifically:

      * It transforms from HsType to Type

      * It zonks any kinds.  The returned type should have no mutable kind
        or type variables (hence returning Type not TcType):
          - any unconstrained kind variables are defaulted to (Any *) just
            as in TcHsSyn.
          - there are no mutable type variables because we are
            kind-checking a type
        Reason: the returned type may be put in a TyCon or DataCon where
        it will never subsequently be zonked.

    You might worry about nested scopes:
            ..a:kappa in scope..
                let f :: forall b. T '[a,b] -> Int
    In this case, f's type could have a mutable kind variable kappa in it;
    and we might then default it to (Any *) when dealing with f's type
    signature.  But we don't expect this to happen because we can't get a
    lexically scoped type variable with a mutable kind variable in it.  A
    delicate point, this.  If it becomes an issue we might need to
    distinguish top-level from nested uses.

    Moreover
      * it cannot fail,
      * it does no unifications
      * it does no validity checking, except for structural matters, such as
            (a) spurious ! annotations.
            (b) a class used as a type

    Note [Kind of a type splice]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider these terms, each with TH type splice inside:
         [| e1 :: Maybe $(..blah..) |]
         [| e2 :: $(..blah..) |]
    When kind-checking the type signature, we'll kind-check the splice
    $(..blah..); we want to give it a kind that can fit in any context,
    as if $(..blah..) :: forall k. k.

    In the e1 example, the context of the splice fixes kappa to *.  But
    in the e2 example, we'll desugar the type, zonking the kind unification
    variables as we go.  When we encounter the unconstrained kappa, we
    want to default it to '*', not to (Any *).

    Help functions for type applications
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    -}

    addTypeCtxt :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM a -> TcM a
            -- Wrap a context around only if we want to show that contexts.
            -- Omit invisible ones and ones user's won't grok
    addTypeCtxt (L _ (HsWildCardTy _)) thing = thing   -- "In the type '_'" just isn't helpful.
    addTypeCtxt (L _ ty) thing
      = addErrCtxt doc thing
      where
        doc = text "In the type" <+> quotes (ppr ty)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Type-variable binders
    %*                                                                      *
    %************************************************************************

    Note [Dependent LHsQTyVars]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We track (in the renamer) which explicitly bound variables in a
    LHsQTyVars are manifestly dependent; only precisely these variables
    may be used within the LHsQTyVars. We must do this so that kcLHsQTyVars
    can produce the right TyConBinders, and tell Anon vs. Required.

    Example   data T k1 (a:k1) (b:k2) c
                   = MkT (Proxy a) (Proxy b) (Proxy c)

    Here
      (a:k1),(b:k2),(c:k3)
           are Anon     (explicitly specified as a binder, not used
                         in the kind of any other binder
      k1   is Required  (explicitly specifed as a binder, but used
                         in the kind of another binder i.e. dependently)
      k2   is Specified (not explicitly bound, but used in the kind
                         of another binder)
      k3   in Inferred  (not lexically in scope at all, but inferred
                         by kind inference)
    and
      T :: forall {k3} k1. forall k3 -> k1 -> k2 -> k3 -> *

    See Note [VarBndrs, TyCoVarBinders, TyConBinders, and visibility]
    in TyCoRep.

    kcLHsQTyVars uses the hsq_dependent field to decide whether
    k1, a, b, c should be Required or Anon.

    Earlier, thought it would work simply to do a free-variable check
    during kcLHsQTyVars, but this is bogus, because there may be
    unsolved equalities about. And we don't want to eagerly solve the
    equalities, because we may get further information after
    kcLHsQTyVars is called.  (Recall that kcLHsQTyVars is called
    only from getInitialKind.)
    This is what implements the rule that all variables intended to be
    dependent must be manifestly so.

    Sidenote: It's quite possible that later, we'll consider (t -> s)
    as a degenerate case of some (pi (x :: t) -> s) and then this will
    all get more permissive.

    Note [Keeping scoped variables in order: Explicit]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When the user writes `forall a b c. blah`, we bring a, b, and c into
    scope and then check blah. In the process of checking blah, we might
    learn the kinds of a, b, and c, and these kinds might indicate that
    b depends on c, and thus that we should reject the user-written type.

    One approach to doing this would be to bring each of a, b, and c into
    scope, one at a time, creating an implication constraint and
    bumping the TcLevel for each one. This would work, because the kind
    of, say, b would be untouchable when c is in scope (and the constraint
    couldn't float out because c blocks it). However, it leads to terrible
    error messages, complaining about skolem escape. While it is indeed
    a problem of skolem escape, we can do better.

    Instead, our approach is to bring the block of variables into scope
    all at once, creating one implication constraint for the lot. The
    user-written variables are skolems in the implication constraint. In
    TcSimplify.setImplicationStatus, we check to make sure that the ordering
    is correct, choosing ImplicationStatus IC_BadTelescope if they aren't.
    Then, in TcErrors, we report if there is a bad telescope. This way,
    we can report a suggested ordering to the user if there is a problem.

    Note [Keeping scoped variables in order: Implicit]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When the user implicitly quantifies over variables (say, in a type
    signature), we need to come up with some ordering on these variables.
    This is done by bumping the TcLevel, bringing the tyvars into scope,
    and then type-checking the thing_inside. The constraints are all
    wrapped in an implication, which is then solved. Finally, we can
    zonk all the binders and then order them with scopedSort.

    It's critical to solve before zonking and ordering in order to uncover
    any unifications. You might worry that this eager solving could cause
    trouble elsewhere. I don't think it will. Because it will solve only
    in an increased TcLevel, it can't unify anything that was mentioned
    elsewhere. Additionally, we require that the order of implicitly
    quantified variables is manifest by the scope of these variables, so
    we're not going to learn more information later that will help order
    these variables.

    Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Checking a user-written signature requires several steps:

     1. Generate constraints.
     2. Solve constraints.
     3. Zonk.
     4. Promote tyvars and/or kind-generalize.
     5. Zonk.
     6. Check validity.

    There may be some surprises in here:

    Step 2 is necessary for two reasons: most signatures also bring
    implicitly quantified variables into scope, and solving is necessary
    to get these in the right order (see Note [Keeping scoped variables in
    order: Implicit]). Additionally, solving is necessary in order to
    kind-generalize correctly.

    In Step 4, we have to deal with the fact that metatyvars generated
    in the type may have a bumped TcLevel, because explicit foralls
    raise the TcLevel. To avoid these variables from ever being visible
    in the surrounding context, we must obey the following dictum:

      Every metavariable in a type must either be
        (A) promoted
        (B) generalized, or
        (C) zapped to Any

    If a variable is generalized, then it becomes a skolem and no longer
    has a proper TcLevel. (I'm ignoring the TcLevel on a skolem here, as
    it's not really in play here.) On the other hand, if it is not
    generalized (because we're not generalizing the construct -- e.g., pattern
    sig -- or because the metavars are constrained -- see kindGeneralizeLocal)
    we need to promote to maintain (MetaTvInv) of Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables]
    in TcType.

    For more about (C), see Note [Naughty quantification candidates] in TcMType.

    After promoting/generalizing, we need to zonk *again* because both
    promoting and generalizing fill in metavariables.

    To avoid the double-zonk, we do two things:
     1. When we're not generalizing:
        zonkPromoteType and friends zonk and promote at the same time.
        Accordingly, the function does steps 3-5 all at once, preventing
        the need for multiple traversals.

     2. When we are generalizing:
        kindGeneralize does not require a zonked type -- it zonks as it
        gathers free variables. So this way effectively sidesteps step 3.
    -}

    tcWildCardBinders :: [Name]
                      -> ([(Name, TcTyVar)] -> TcM a)
                      -> TcM a
    tcWildCardBinders wc_names thing_inside
      = do { wcs <- mapM (const newWildTyVar) wc_names
           ; let wc_prs = wc_names `zip` wcs
           ; tcExtendNameTyVarEnv wc_prs $
             thing_inside wc_prs }

    newWildTyVar :: TcM TcTyVar
    -- ^ New unification variable for a wildcard
    newWildTyVar
      = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; uniq <- newUnique
           ; details <- newMetaDetails TauTv
           ; let name = mkSysTvName uniq (fsLit "_")
                 tyvar = (mkTcTyVar name kind details)
           ; traceTc "newWildTyVar" (ppr tyvar)
           ; return tyvar }

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                 Kind inference for type declarations
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    {- Note [The initial kind of a type constructor]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    kcLHsQTyVars is responsible for getting the initial kind of
    a type constructor.

    It has two cases:

     * The TyCon has a CUSK.  In that case, find the full, final,
       poly-kinded kind of the TyCon.  It's very like a term-level
       binding where we have a complete type signature for the
       function.

     * It does not have a CUSK.  Find a monomorphic kind, with
       unification variables in it; they will be generalised later.
       It's very like a term-level binding where we do not have
       a type signature (or, more accurately, where we have a
       partial type signature), so we infer the type and generalise.
    -}

    ------------------------------
    -- | Kind-check a 'LHsQTyVars'. If the decl under consideration has a complete,
    -- user-supplied kind signature (CUSK), generalise the result.
    -- Used in 'getInitialKind' (for tycon kinds and other kinds)
    -- and in kind-checking (but not for tycon kinds, which are checked with
    -- tcTyClDecls). See Note [CUSKs: complete user-supplied kind signatures]
    -- in HsDecls.
    --
    -- This function does not do telescope checking.
    kcLHsQTyVars :: Name              -- ^ of the thing being checked
                 -> TyConFlavour      -- ^ What sort of 'TyCon' is being checked
                 -> Bool              -- ^ True <=> the decl being checked has a CUSK
                 -> LHsQTyVars GhcRn
                 -> TcM Kind          -- ^ The result kind
                 -> TcM TcTyCon       -- ^ A suitably-kinded TcTyCon
    kcLHsQTyVars name flav cusk tvs thing_inside
      | cusk      = kcLHsQTyVars_Cusk    name flav tvs thing_inside
      | otherwise = kcLHsQTyVars_NonCusk name flav tvs thing_inside

    kcLHsQTyVars_Cusk, kcLHsQTyVars_NonCusk
        :: Name              -- ^ of the thing being checked
        -> TyConFlavour      -- ^ What sort of 'TyCon' is being checked
        -> LHsQTyVars GhcRn
        -> TcM Kind          -- ^ The result kind
        -> TcM TcTyCon       -- ^ A suitably-kinded TcTyCon

    ------------------------------
    kcLHsQTyVars_Cusk name flav
      user_tyvars@(HsQTvs { hsq_ext = HsQTvsRn { hsq_implicit = kv_ns
                                               , hsq_dependent = dep_names }
                          , hsq_explicit = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      -- CUSK case
      -- See note [Required, Specified, and Inferred for types] in TcTyClsDecls
      = addTyConFlavCtxt name flav $
        do { (scoped_kvs, (tc_tvs, res_kind))
               <- pushTcLevelM_                               $
                  solveEqualities                             $
                  bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol kv_ns            $
                  bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol ctxt_kind hs_tvs $
                  thing_inside

               -- Now, because we're in a CUSK,
               -- we quantify over the mentioned kind vars
           ; let spec_req_tkvs = scoped_kvs ++ tc_tvs
                 all_kinds     = res_kind : map tyVarKind spec_req_tkvs

           ; candidates <- candidateQTyVarsOfKinds all_kinds
                 -- 'candidates' are all the variables that we are going to
                 -- skolemise and then quantify over.  We do not include spec_req_tvs
                 -- because they are /already/ skolems

           ; let inf_candidates = candidates `delCandidates` spec_req_tkvs

           ; inferred <- quantifyTyVars emptyVarSet inf_candidates
                         -- NB: 'inferred' comes back sorted in dependency order

           ; scoped_kvs <- mapM zonkTyCoVarKind scoped_kvs
           ; tc_tvs     <- mapM zonkTyCoVarKind tc_tvs
           ; res_kind   <- zonkTcType           res_kind

           ; let mentioned_kv_set = candidateKindVars candidates
                 specified        = scopedSort scoped_kvs
                                    -- NB: maintain the L-R order of scoped_kvs

                 final_tc_binders =  mkNamedTyConBinders Inferred  inferred
                                  ++ mkNamedTyConBinders Specified specified
                                  ++ map (mkRequiredTyConBinder mentioned_kv_set) tc_tvs

                 all_tv_prs = mkTyVarNamePairs (scoped_kvs ++ tc_tvs)
                 tycon = mkTcTyCon name (ppr user_tyvars)
                                   final_tc_binders
                                   res_kind
                                   all_tv_prs
                                   True {- it is generalised -} flav
             -- If the ordering from
             -- Note [Required, Specified, and Inferred for types] in TcTyClsDecls
             -- doesn't work, we catch it here, before an error cascade
           ; checkValidTelescope tycon

              -- If any of the specified tyvars aren't actually mentioned in a binder's
              -- kind (or the return kind), then we're in the CUSK case from
              -- Note [Free-floating kind vars]
           ; let unmentioned_kvs   = filterOut (`elemVarSet` mentioned_kv_set) specified
           ; reportFloatingKvs name flav (map binderVar final_tc_binders) unmentioned_kvs

           ; traceTc "kcLHsQTyVars: cusk" $
             vcat [ text "name" <+> ppr name
                  , text "kv_ns" <+> ppr kv_ns
                  , text "hs_tvs" <+> ppr hs_tvs
                  , text "dep_names" <+> ppr dep_names
                  , text "scoped_kvs" <+> ppr scoped_kvs
                  , text "tc_tvs" <+> ppr tc_tvs
                  , text "res_kind" <+> ppr res_kind
                  , text "candidates" <+> ppr candidates
                  , text "inferred" <+> ppr inferred
                  , text "specified" <+> ppr specified
                  , text "final_tc_binders" <+> ppr final_tc_binders
                  , text "mkTyConKind final_tc_bndrs res_kind"
                    <+> ppr (mkTyConKind final_tc_binders res_kind)
                  , text "all_tv_prs" <+> ppr all_tv_prs ]

           ; return tycon }
      where
        ctxt_kind | tcFlavourIsOpen flav = TheKind liftedTypeKind
                  | otherwise            = AnyKind

    kcLHsQTyVars_Cusk _ _ (XLHsQTyVars _) _ = panic "kcLHsQTyVars"

    ------------------------------
    kcLHsQTyVars_NonCusk name flav
      user_tyvars@(HsQTvs { hsq_ext = HsQTvsRn { hsq_implicit = kv_ns
                                               , hsq_dependent = dep_names }
                          , hsq_explicit = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      -- Non_CUSK case
      -- See note [Required, Specified, and Inferred for types] in TcTyClsDecls
      = do { (scoped_kvs, (tc_tvs, res_kind))
               -- Why bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv which uses newTyVarTyVar?
               -- See Note [Inferring kinds for type declarations] in TcTyClsDecls
               <- bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv kv_ns            $
                  bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv ctxt_kind hs_tvs $
                  thing_inside
                  -- Why "_Tv" not "_Skol"? See third wrinkle in
                  -- Note [Inferring kinds for type declarations] in TcTyClsDecls,

           ; let   -- NB: Don't add scoped_kvs to tyConTyVars, because they
                   -- might unify with kind vars in other types in a mutually
                   -- recursive group.
                   -- See Note [Inferring kinds for type declarations] in TcTyClsDecls
                 tc_binders = zipWith mk_tc_binder hs_tvs tc_tvs
                   -- Also, note that tc_binders has the tyvars from only the
                   -- user-written tyvarbinders. See S1 in Note [How TcTyCons work]
                   -- in TcTyClsDecls
                 tycon = mkTcTyCon name (ppr user_tyvars) tc_binders res_kind
                                   (mkTyVarNamePairs (scoped_kvs ++ tc_tvs))
                                   False -- not yet generalised
                                   flav

           ; traceTc "kcLHsQTyVars: not-cusk" $
             vcat [ ppr name, ppr kv_ns, ppr hs_tvs, ppr dep_names
                  , ppr scoped_kvs
                  , ppr tc_tvs, ppr (mkTyConKind tc_binders res_kind) ]
           ; return tycon }
      where
        ctxt_kind | tcFlavourIsOpen flav = TheKind liftedTypeKind
                  | otherwise            = AnyKind

        mk_tc_binder :: LHsTyVarBndr GhcRn -> TyVar -> TyConBinder
        -- See Note [Dependent LHsQTyVars]
        mk_tc_binder hs_tv tv
           | hsLTyVarName hs_tv `elemNameSet` dep_names
           = mkNamedTyConBinder Required tv
           | otherwise
           = mkAnonTyConBinder tv

    kcLHsQTyVars_NonCusk _ _ (XLHsQTyVars _) _ = panic "kcLHsQTyVars"

    {- Note [Kind-checking tyvar binders for associated types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When kind-checking the type-variable binders for associated
       data/newtype decls
       family decls
    we behave specially for type variables that are already in scope;
    that is, bound by the enclosing class decl.  This is done in
    kcLHsQTyVarBndrs:
      * The use of tcImplicitQTKBndrs
      * The tcLookupLocal_maybe code in kc_hs_tv

    See Note [Associated type tyvar names] in Class and
        Note [TyVar binders for associated decls] in HsDecls

    We must do the same for family instance decls, where the in-scope
    variables may be bound by the enclosing class instance decl.
    Hence the use of tcImplicitQTKBndrs in tcFamTyPatsAndGen.

    Note [Kind variable ordering for associated types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    What should be the kind of `T` in the following example? (#15591)

      class C (a :: Type) where
        type T (x :: f a)

    As per Note [Ordering of implicit variables] in RnTypes, we want to quantify
    the kind variables in left-to-right order of first occurrence in order to
    support visible kind application. But we cannot perform this analysis on just
    T alone, since its variable `a` actually occurs /before/ `f` if you consider
    the fact that `a` was previously bound by the parent class `C`. That is to say,
    the kind of `T` should end up being:

      T :: forall a f. f a -> Type

    (It wouldn't necessarily be /wrong/ if the kind ended up being, say,
    forall f a. f a -> Type, but that would not be as predictable for users of
    visible kind application.)

    In contrast, if `T` were redefined to be a top-level type family, like `T2`
    below:

      type family T2 (x :: f (a :: Type))

    Then `a` first appears /after/ `f`, so the kind of `T2` should be:

      T2 :: forall f a. f a -> Type

    In order to make this distinction, we need to know (in kcLHsQTyVars) which
    type variables have been bound by the parent class (if there is one). With
    the class-bound variables in hand, we can ensure that we always quantify
    these first.
    -}

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                 Expected kinds
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    -- | Describes the kind expected in a certain context.
    data ContextKind = TheKind Kind   -- ^ a specific kind
                     | AnyKind        -- ^ any kind will do
                     | OpenKind       -- ^ something of the form @TYPE _@

    -----------------------
    newExpectedKind :: ContextKind -> TcM Kind
    newExpectedKind (TheKind k) = return k
    newExpectedKind AnyKind     = newMetaKindVar
    newExpectedKind OpenKind    = newOpenTypeKind

    -----------------------
    expectedKindInCtxt :: UserTypeCtxt -> ContextKind
    -- Depending on the context, we might accept any kind (for instance, in a TH
    -- splice), or only certain kinds (like in type signatures).
    expectedKindInCtxt (TySynCtxt _)   = AnyKind
    expectedKindInCtxt ThBrackCtxt     = AnyKind
    expectedKindInCtxt (GhciCtxt {})   = AnyKind
    -- The types in a 'default' decl can have varying kinds
    -- See Note [Extended defaults]" in TcEnv
    expectedKindInCtxt DefaultDeclCtxt     = AnyKind
    expectedKindInCtxt TypeAppCtxt         = AnyKind
    expectedKindInCtxt (ForSigCtxt _)      = TheKind liftedTypeKind
    expectedKindInCtxt (InstDeclCtxt {})   = TheKind constraintKind
    expectedKindInCtxt SpecInstCtxt        = TheKind constraintKind
    expectedKindInCtxt _                   = OpenKind

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                 Bringing type variables into scope
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    --------------------------------------
    -- Implicit binders
    --------------------------------------

    bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Tv,
      bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv
      :: [Name]
      -> TcM a
      -> TcM ([TcTyVar], a)
    bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol   = bindImplicitTKBndrsX newFlexiKindedSkolemTyVar
    bindImplicitTKBndrs_Tv     = bindImplicitTKBndrsX newFlexiKindedTyVarTyVar
    bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol = bindImplicitTKBndrsX (newImplicitTyVarQ newFlexiKindedSkolemTyVar)
    bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv   = bindImplicitTKBndrsX (newImplicitTyVarQ newFlexiKindedTyVarTyVar)

    bindImplicitTKBndrsX :: (Name -> TcM TcTyVar) -- new_tv function
                        -> [Name]
                        -> TcM a
                        -> TcM ([TcTyVar], a)   -- these tyvars are dependency-ordered
    -- * Guarantees to call solveLocalEqualities to unify
    --   all constraints from thing_inside.
    --
    -- * Returned TcTyVars have the supplied HsTyVarBndrs,
    --   but may be in different order to the original [Name]
    --   (because of sorting to respect dependency)
    --
    -- * Returned TcTyVars have zonked kinds
    --   See Note [Keeping scoped variables in order: Implicit]
    bindImplicitTKBndrsX new_tv tv_names thing_inside
      = do { tkvs <- mapM new_tv tv_names
           ; result <- tcExtendTyVarEnv tkvs thing_inside
           ; traceTc "bindImplicitTKBndrs" (ppr tv_names $$ ppr tkvs)
           ; return (tkvs, result) }

    newImplicitTyVarQ :: (Name -> TcM TcTyVar) ->  Name -> TcM TcTyVar
    -- Behave like new_tv, except that if the tyvar is in scope, use it
    newImplicitTyVarQ new_tv name
      = do { mb_tv <- tcLookupLcl_maybe name
           ; case mb_tv of
               Just (ATyVar _ tv) -> return tv
               _ -> new_tv name }

    newFlexiKindedTyVar :: (Name -> Kind -> TcM TyVar) -> Name -> TcM TyVar
    newFlexiKindedTyVar new_tv name
      = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; new_tv name kind }

    newFlexiKindedSkolemTyVar :: Name -> TcM TyVar
    newFlexiKindedSkolemTyVar = newFlexiKindedTyVar newSkolemTyVar

    newFlexiKindedTyVarTyVar :: Name -> TcM TyVar
    newFlexiKindedTyVarTyVar = newFlexiKindedTyVar newTyVarTyVar

    --------------------------------------
    -- Explicit binders
    --------------------------------------

    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Skol, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Tv
        :: [LHsTyVarBndr GhcRn]
        -> TcM a
        -> TcM ([TcTyVar], a)

    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Skol = bindExplicitTKBndrsX (tcHsTyVarBndr newSkolemTyVar)
    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Tv   = bindExplicitTKBndrsX (tcHsTyVarBndr newTyVarTyVar)

    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv
        :: ContextKind
        -> [LHsTyVarBndr GhcRn]
        -> TcM a
        -> TcM ([TcTyVar], a)

    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol ctxt_kind = bindExplicitTKBndrsX (tcHsQTyVarBndr ctxt_kind newSkolemTyVar)
    bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv   ctxt_kind = bindExplicitTKBndrsX (tcHsQTyVarBndr ctxt_kind newTyVarTyVar)

    -- | Used during the "kind-checking" pass in TcTyClsDecls only,
    -- and even then only for data-con declarations.
    bindExplicitTKBndrsX
        :: (HsTyVarBndr GhcRn -> TcM TcTyVar)
        -> [LHsTyVarBndr GhcRn]
        -> TcM a
        -> TcM ([TcTyVar], a)
    bindExplicitTKBndrsX tc_tv hs_tvs thing_inside
      = do { traceTc "bindExplicTKBndrs" (ppr hs_tvs)
           ; go hs_tvs }
      where
        go [] = do { res <- thing_inside
                   ; return ([], res) }
        go (L _ hs_tv : hs_tvs)
           = do { tv <- tc_tv hs_tv
                ; (tvs, res) <- tcExtendTyVarEnv [tv] (go hs_tvs)
                ; return (tv:tvs, res) }

    -----------------
    tcHsTyVarBndr :: (Name -> Kind -> TcM TyVar)
                  -> HsTyVarBndr GhcRn -> TcM TcTyVar
    -- Returned TcTyVar has the same name; no cloning
    tcHsTyVarBndr new_tv (UserTyVar _ (L _ tv_nm))
      = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; new_tv tv_nm kind }
    tcHsTyVarBndr new_tv (KindedTyVar _ (L _ tv_nm) lhs_kind)
      = do { kind <- tcLHsKindSig (TyVarBndrKindCtxt tv_nm) lhs_kind
           ; new_tv tv_nm kind }
    tcHsTyVarBndr _ (XTyVarBndr _) = panic "tcHsTyVarBndr"

    -----------------
    tcHsQTyVarBndr :: ContextKind
                   -> (Name -> Kind -> TcM TyVar)
                   -> HsTyVarBndr GhcRn -> TcM TcTyVar
    -- Just like tcHsTyVarBndr, but also
    --   - uses the in-scope TyVar from class, if it exists
    --   - takes a ContextKind to use for the no-sig case
    tcHsQTyVarBndr ctxt_kind new_tv (UserTyVar _ (L _ tv_nm))
      = do { mb_tv <- tcLookupLcl_maybe tv_nm
           ; case mb_tv of
               Just (ATyVar _ tv) -> return tv
               _ -> do { kind <- newExpectedKind ctxt_kind
                       ; new_tv tv_nm kind } }

    tcHsQTyVarBndr _ new_tv (KindedTyVar _ (L _ tv_nm) lhs_kind)
      = do { kind <- tcLHsKindSig (TyVarBndrKindCtxt tv_nm) lhs_kind
           ; mb_tv <- tcLookupLcl_maybe tv_nm
           ; case mb_tv of
               Just (ATyVar _ tv)
                 -> do { discardResult $ unifyKind (Just hs_tv)
                                            kind (tyVarKind tv)
                           -- This unify rejects:
                           --    class C (m :: * -> *) where
                           --      type F (m :: *) = ...
                       ; return tv }

               _ -> new_tv tv_nm kind }
      where
        hs_tv = HsTyVar noExt NotPromoted (noLoc tv_nm)
                -- Used for error messages only

    tcHsQTyVarBndr _ _ (XTyVarBndr _) = panic "tcHsTyVarBndr"

    --------------------------------------
    -- Binding type/class variables in the
    -- kind-checking and typechecking phases
    --------------------------------------

    bindTyClTyVars :: Name
                   -> ([TyConBinder] -> Kind -> TcM a) -> TcM a
    -- ^ Used for the type variables of a type or class decl
    -- in the "kind checking" and "type checking" pass,
    -- but not in the initial-kind run.
    bindTyClTyVars tycon_name thing_inside
      = do { tycon <- kcLookupTcTyCon tycon_name
           ; let scoped_prs = tcTyConScopedTyVars tycon
                 res_kind   = tyConResKind tycon
                 binders    = tyConBinders tycon
           ; traceTc "bindTyClTyVars" (ppr tycon_name <+> ppr binders)
           ; tcExtendNameTyVarEnv scoped_prs $
             thing_inside binders res_kind }

    -- getInitialKind has made a suitably-shaped kind for the type or class
    -- Look it up in the local environment. This is used only for tycons
    -- that we're currently type-checking, so we're sure to find a TcTyCon.
    kcLookupTcTyCon :: Name -> TcM TcTyCon
    kcLookupTcTyCon nm
      = do { tc_ty_thing <- tcLookup nm
           ; return $ case tc_ty_thing of
               ATcTyCon tc -> tc
               _           -> pprPanic "kcLookupTcTyCon" (ppr tc_ty_thing) }

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                 Kind generalisation
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    zonkAndScopedSort :: [TcTyVar] -> TcM [TcTyVar]
    zonkAndScopedSort spec_tkvs
      = do { spec_tkvs <- mapM zonkTcTyCoVarBndr spec_tkvs
              -- Use zonkTcTyCoVarBndr because a skol_tv might be a TyVarTv

           -- Do a stable topological sort, following
           -- Note [Ordering of implicit variables] in RnTypes
           ; return (scopedSort spec_tkvs) }

    kindGeneralize :: TcType -> TcM [KindVar]
    -- Quantify the free kind variables of a kind or type
    -- In the latter case the type is closed, so it has no free
    -- type variables.  So in both cases, all the free vars are kind vars
    -- Input needn't be zonked.
    -- NB: You must call solveEqualities or solveLocalEqualities before
    -- kind generalization
    --
    -- NB: this function is just a specialised version of
    --        kindGeneralizeLocal emptyWC kind_or_type
    --
    kindGeneralize kind_or_type
      = do { kt <- zonkTcType kind_or_type
           ; traceTc "kindGeneralise1" (ppr kt)
           ; dvs <- candidateQTyVarsOfKind kind_or_type
           ; gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars -- Already zonked
           ; traceTc "kindGeneralize" (vcat [ ppr kind_or_type
                                            , ppr dvs ])
           ; quantifyTyVars gbl_tvs dvs }

    -- | This variant of 'kindGeneralize' refuses to generalize over any
    -- variables free in the given WantedConstraints. Instead, it promotes
    -- these variables into an outer TcLevel. See also
    -- Note [Promoting unification variables] in TcSimplify
    kindGeneralizeLocal :: WantedConstraints -> TcType -> TcM [KindVar]
    kindGeneralizeLocal wanted kind_or_type
      = do {
           -- This bit is very much like decideMonoTyVars in TcSimplify,
           -- but constraints are so much simpler in kinds, it is much
           -- easier here. (In particular, we never quantify over a
           -- constraint in a type.)
           ; constrained <- zonkTyCoVarsAndFV (tyCoVarsOfWC wanted)
           ; (_, constrained) <- promoteTyVarSet constrained

           ; gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars -- Already zonked
           ; let mono_tvs = gbl_tvs `unionVarSet` constrained

             -- use the "Kind" variant here, as any types we see
             -- here will already have all type variables quantified;
             -- thus, every free variable is really a kv, never a tv.
           ; dvs <- candidateQTyVarsOfKind kind_or_type

           ; traceTc "kindGeneralizeLocal" $
             vcat [ text "Wanted:" <+> ppr wanted
                  , text "Kind or type:" <+> ppr kind_or_type
                  , text "tcvs of wanted:" <+> pprTyVars (nonDetEltsUniqSet (tyCoVarsOfWC wanted))
                  , text "constrained:" <+> pprTyVars (nonDetEltsUniqSet constrained)
                  , text "mono_tvs:" <+> pprTyVars (nonDetEltsUniqSet mono_tvs)
                  , text "dvs:" <+> ppr dvs ]

           ; quantifyTyVars mono_tvs dvs }

    {- Note [Levels and generalisation]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
      f x = e
    with no type signature. We are currently at level i.
    We must
      * Push the level to level (i+1)
      * Allocate a fresh alpha[i+1] for the result type
      * Check that e :: alpha[i+1], gathering constraint WC
      * Solve WC as far as possible
      * Zonking the result type alpha[i+1], say to beta[i-1] -> gamma[i]
      * Find the free variables with level > i, in this case gamma[i]
      * Skolemise those free variables and quantify over them, giving
           f :: forall g. beta[i-1] -> g
      * Emit the residiual constraint wrapped in an implication for g,
        thus   forall g. WC

    All of this happens for types too.  Consider
      f :: Int -> (forall a. Proxy a -> Int)

    Note [Kind generalisation]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We do kind generalisation only at the outer level of a type signature.
    For example, consider
      T :: forall k. k -> *
      f :: (forall a. T a -> Int) -> Int
    When kind-checking f's type signature we generalise the kind at
    the outermost level, thus:
      f1 :: forall k. (forall (a:k). T k a -> Int) -> Int  -- YES!
    and *not* at the inner forall:
      f2 :: (forall k. forall (a:k). T k a -> Int) -> Int  -- NO!
    Reason: same as for HM inference on value level declarations,
    we want to infer the most general type.  The f2 type signature
    would be *less applicable* than f1, because it requires a more
    polymorphic argument.

    NB: There are no explicit kind variables written in f's signature.
    When there are, the renamer adds these kind variables to the list of
    variables bound by the forall, so you can indeed have a type that's
    higher-rank in its kind. But only by explicit request.

    Note [Kinds of quantified type variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    tcTyVarBndrsGen quantifies over a specified list of type variables,
    *and* over the kind variables mentioned in the kinds of those tyvars.

    Note that we must zonk those kinds (obviously) but less obviously, we
    must return type variables whose kinds are zonked too. Example
        (a :: k7)  where  k7 := k9 -> k9
    We must return
        [k9, a:k9->k9]
    and NOT
        [k9, a:k7]
    Reason: we're going to turn this into a for-all type,
       forall k9. forall (a:k7). blah
    which the type checker will then instantiate, and instantiate does not
    look through unification variables!

    Hence using zonked_kinds when forming tvs'.

    -}

    -----------------------------------
    etaExpandAlgTyCon :: [TyConBinder]
                      -> Kind
                      -> TcM ([TyConBinder], Kind)
    -- GADT decls can have a (perhaps partial) kind signature
    --      e.g.  data T a :: * -> * -> * where ...
    -- This function makes up suitable (kinded) TyConBinders for the
    -- argument kinds.  E.g. in this case it might return
    --   ([b::*, c::*], *)
    -- Never emits constraints.
    -- It's a little trickier than you might think: see
    -- Note [TyConBinders for the result kind signature of a data type]
    etaExpandAlgTyCon tc_bndrs kind
      = do  { loc     <- getSrcSpanM
            ; uniqs   <- newUniqueSupply
            ; rdr_env <- getLocalRdrEnv
            ; let new_occs = [ occ
                             | str <- allNameStrings
                             , let occ = mkOccName tvName str
                             , isNothing (lookupLocalRdrOcc rdr_env occ)
                             -- Note [Avoid name clashes for associated data types]
                             , not (occ `elem` lhs_occs) ]
                  new_uniqs = uniqsFromSupply uniqs
                  subst = mkEmptyTCvSubst (mkInScopeSet (mkVarSet lhs_tvs))
            ; return (go loc new_occs new_uniqs subst [] kind) }
      where
        lhs_tvs  = map binderVar tc_bndrs
        lhs_occs = map getOccName lhs_tvs

        go loc occs uniqs subst acc kind
          = case splitPiTy_maybe kind of
              Nothing -> (reverse acc, substTy subst kind)

              Just (Anon arg, kind')
                -> go loc occs' uniqs' subst' (tcb : acc) kind'
                where
                  arg'   = substTy subst arg
                  tv     = mkTyVar (mkInternalName uniq occ loc) arg'
                  subst' = extendTCvInScope subst tv
                  tcb    = Bndr tv AnonTCB
                  (uniq:uniqs') = uniqs
                  (occ:occs')   = occs

              Just (Named (Bndr tv vis), kind')
                -> go loc occs uniqs subst' (tcb : acc) kind'
                where
                  (subst', tv') = substTyVarBndr subst tv
                  tcb = Bndr tv' (NamedTCB vis)

    badKindSig :: Bool -> Kind -> SDoc
    badKindSig check_for_type kind
     = hang (sep [ text "Kind signature on data type declaration has non-*"
                 , (if check_for_type then empty else text "and non-variable") <+>
                   text "return kind" ])
            2 (ppr kind)

    tcbVisibilities :: TyCon -> [Type] -> [TyConBndrVis]
    -- Result is in 1-1 correpondence with orig_args
    tcbVisibilities tc orig_args
      = go (tyConKind tc) init_subst orig_args
      where
        init_subst = mkEmptyTCvSubst (mkInScopeSet (tyCoVarsOfTypes orig_args))
        go _ _ []
          = []

        go fun_kind subst all_args@(arg : args)
          | Just (tcb, inner_kind) <- splitPiTy_maybe fun_kind
          = case tcb of
              Anon _              -> AnonTCB      : go inner_kind subst  args
              Named (Bndr tv vis) -> NamedTCB vis : go inner_kind subst' args
                     where
                        subst' = extendTCvSubst subst tv arg

          | not (isEmptyTCvSubst subst)
          = go (substTy subst fun_kind) init_subst all_args

          | otherwise
          = pprPanic "addTcbVisibilities" (ppr tc <+> ppr orig_args)

    {- Note [TyConBinders for the result kind signature of a data type]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Given
      data T (a::*) :: * -> forall k. k -> *
    we want to generate the extra TyConBinders for T, so we finally get
      (a::*) (b::*) (k::*) (c::k)
    The function etaExpandAlgTyCon generates these extra TyConBinders from
    the result kind signature.

    We need to take care to give the TyConBinders
      (a) OccNames that are fresh (because the TyConBinders of a TyCon
          must have distinct OccNames

      (b) Uniques that are fresh (obviously)

    For (a) we need to avoid clashes with the tyvars declared by
    the user before the "::"; in the above example that is 'a'.
    And also see Note [Avoid name clashes for associated data types].

    For (b) suppose we have
       data T :: forall k. k -> forall k. k -> *
    where the two k's are identical even up to their uniques.  Surprisingly,
    this can happen: see Trac #14515.

    It's reasonably easy to solve all this; just run down the list with a
    substitution; hence the recursive 'go' function.  But it has to be
    done.

    Note [Avoid name clashes for associated data types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider    class C a b where
                   data D b :: * -> *
    When typechecking the decl for D, we'll invent an extra type variable
    for D, to fill out its kind.  Ideally we don't want this type variable
    to be 'a', because when pretty printing we'll get
                class C a b where
                   data D b a0
    (NB: the tidying happens in the conversion to IfaceSyn, which happens
    as part of pretty-printing a TyThing.)

    That's why we look in the LocalRdrEnv to see what's in scope. This is
    important only to get nice-looking output when doing ":info C" in GHCi.
    It isn't essential for correctness.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                 Partial signatures
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    -}

    tcHsPartialSigType
      :: UserTypeCtxt
      -> LHsSigWcType GhcRn       -- The type signature
      -> TcM ( [(Name, TcTyVar)]  -- Wildcards
             , Maybe TcType       -- Extra-constraints wildcard
             , [Name]             -- Original tyvar names, in correspondence with ...
             , [TcTyVar]          -- ... Implicitly and explicitly bound type variables
             , TcThetaType        -- Theta part
             , TcType )           -- Tau part
    -- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
    tcHsPartialSigType ctxt sig_ty
      | HsWC { hswc_ext  = sig_wcs,         hswc_body = ib_ty } <- sig_ty
      , HsIB { hsib_ext = implicit_hs_tvs
             , hsib_body = hs_ty } <- ib_ty
      , (explicit_hs_tvs, L _ hs_ctxt, hs_tau) <- splitLHsSigmaTy hs_ty
      = addSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty $
        do { (implicit_tvs, (explicit_tvs, (wcs, wcx, theta, tau)))
                <- tcWildCardBinders sig_wcs $ \ wcs ->
                   bindImplicitTKBndrs_Tv implicit_hs_tvs       $
                   bindExplicitTKBndrs_Tv explicit_hs_tvs       $
                   do {   -- Instantiate the type-class context; but if there
                          -- is an extra-constraints wildcard, just discard it here
                        (theta, wcx) <- tcPartialContext hs_ctxt

                      ; tau <- tcHsOpenType hs_tau

                      ; return (wcs, wcx, theta, tau) }

             -- We must return these separately, because all the zonking below
             -- might change the name of a TyVarTv. This, in turn, causes trouble
             -- in partial type signatures that bind scoped type variables, as
             -- we bring the wrong name into scope in the function body.
             -- Test case: partial-sigs/should_compile/LocalDefinitionBug
           ; let tv_names = map tyVarName (implicit_tvs ++ explicit_tvs)

           -- Spit out the wildcards (including the extra-constraints one)
           -- as "hole" constraints, so that they'll be reported if necessary
           -- See Note [Extra-constraint holes in partial type signatures]
           ; emitWildCardHoleConstraints wcs

             -- The TyVarTvs created above will sometimes have too high a TcLevel
             -- (note that they are generated *after* bumping the level in
             -- the tc{Im,Ex}plicitTKBndrsSig functions. Bumping the level
             -- is still important here, because the kinds of these variables
             -- do indeed need to have the higher level, so they can unify
             -- with other local type variables. But, now that we've type-checked
             -- everything (and solved equalities in the tcImplicit call)
             -- we need to promote the TyVarTvs so we don't violate the TcLevel
             -- invariant
           ; implicit_tvs <- zonkAndScopedSort implicit_tvs
           ; explicit_tvs <- mapM zonkTcTyCoVarBndr explicit_tvs
           ; theta        <- mapM zonkTcType theta
           ; tau          <- zonkTcType tau

           ; let all_tvs = implicit_tvs ++ explicit_tvs

           ; checkValidType ctxt (mkSpecForAllTys all_tvs $ mkPhiTy theta tau)

           ; traceTc "tcHsPartialSigType" (ppr all_tvs)
           ; return (wcs, wcx, tv_names, all_tvs, theta, tau) }

    tcHsPartialSigType _ (HsWC _ (XHsImplicitBndrs _)) = panic "tcHsPartialSigType"
    tcHsPartialSigType _ (XHsWildCardBndrs _) = panic "tcHsPartialSigType"

    tcPartialContext :: HsContext GhcRn -> TcM (TcThetaType, Maybe TcType)
    tcPartialContext hs_theta
      | Just (hs_theta1, hs_ctxt_last) <- snocView hs_theta
      , L _ wc@(HsWildCardTy _) <- ignoreParens hs_ctxt_last
      = do { wc_tv_ty <- tcWildCardOcc typeLevelMode wc constraintKind
           ; theta <- mapM tcLHsPredType hs_theta1
           ; return (theta, Just wc_tv_ty) }
      | otherwise
      = do { theta <- mapM tcLHsPredType hs_theta
           ; return (theta, Nothing) }

    {- Note [Extra-constraint holes in partial type signatures]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
      f :: (_) => a -> a
      f x = ...

    * The renamer leaves '_' untouched.

    * Then, in tcHsPartialSigType, we make a new hole TcTyVar, in
      tcWildCardBinders.

    * TcBinds.chooseInferredQuantifiers fills in that hole TcTyVar
      with the inferred constraints, e.g. (Eq a, Show a)

    * TcErrors.mkHoleError finally reports the error.

    An annoying difficulty happens if there are more than 62 inferred
    constraints. Then we need to fill in the TcTyVar with (say) a 70-tuple.
    Where do we find the TyCon?  For good reasons we only have constraint
    tuples up to 62 (see Note [How tuples work] in TysWiredIn).  So how
    can we make a 70-tuple?  This was the root cause of Trac #14217.

    It's incredibly tiresome, because we only need this type to fill
    in the hole, to communicate to the error reporting machinery.  Nothing
    more.  So I use a HACK:

    * I make an /ordinary/ tuple of the constraints, in
      TcBinds.chooseInferredQuantifiers. This is ill-kinded because
      ordinary tuples can't contain constraints, but it works fine. And for
      ordinary tuples we don't have the same limit as for constraint
      tuples (which need selectors and an assocated class).

    * Because it is ill-kinded, it trips an assert in writeMetaTyVar,
      so now I disable the assertion if we are writing a type of
      kind Constraint.  (That seldom/never normally happens so we aren't
      losing much.)

    Result works fine, but it may eventually bite us.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
          Pattern signatures (i.e signatures that occur in patterns)
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    tcHsPatSigType :: UserTypeCtxt
                   -> LHsSigWcType GhcRn          -- The type signature
                   -> TcM ( [(Name, TcTyVar)]     -- Wildcards
                          , [(Name, TcTyVar)]     -- The new bit of type environment, binding
                                                  -- the scoped type variables
                          , TcType)       -- The type
    -- Used for type-checking type signatures in
    -- (a) patterns           e.g  f (x::Int) = e
    -- (b) RULE forall bndrs  e.g. forall (x::Int). f x = x
    --
    -- This may emit constraints
    -- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
    tcHsPatSigType ctxt sig_ty
      | HsWC { hswc_ext = sig_wcs,   hswc_body = ib_ty } <- sig_ty
      , HsIB { hsib_ext = sig_vars
             , hsib_body = hs_ty } <- ib_ty
      = addSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty $
        do { sig_tkvs <- mapM new_implicit_tv sig_vars
           ; (wcs, sig_ty)
                <- solveLocalEqualities "tcHsPatSigType" $
                     -- Always solve local equalities if possible,
                     -- else casts get in the way of deep skolemisation
                     -- (Trac #16033)
                   tcWildCardBinders sig_wcs  $ \ wcs ->
                   tcExtendTyVarEnv sig_tkvs                           $
                   do { sig_ty <- tcHsOpenType hs_ty
                      ; return (wcs, sig_ty) }

            ; emitWildCardHoleConstraints wcs

              -- sig_ty might have tyvars that are at a higher TcLevel (if hs_ty
              -- contains a forall). Promote these.
              -- Ex: f (x :: forall a. Proxy a -> ()) = ... x ...
              -- When we instantiate x, we have to compare the kind of the argument
              -- to a's kind, which will be a metavariable.
            ; sig_ty <- zonkPromoteType sig_ty
            ; checkValidType ctxt sig_ty

            ; let tv_pairs = mkTyVarNamePairs sig_tkvs

            ; traceTc "tcHsPatSigType" (ppr sig_vars)
            ; return (wcs, tv_pairs, sig_ty) }
      where
        new_implicit_tv name = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
                                  ; new_tv name kind }

        new_tv = case ctxt of
                   RuleSigCtxt {} -> newSkolemTyVar
                   _              -> newTauTyVar
          -- See Note [Pattern signature binders]

    tcHsPatSigType _ (HsWC _ (XHsImplicitBndrs _)) = panic "tcHsPatSigType"
    tcHsPatSigType _ (XHsWildCardBndrs _)          = panic "tcHsPatSigType"

    tcPatSig :: Bool                    -- True <=> pattern binding
             -> LHsSigWcType GhcRn
             -> ExpSigmaType
             -> TcM (TcType,            -- The type to use for "inside" the signature
                     [(Name,TcTyVar)],  -- The new bit of type environment, binding
                                        -- the scoped type variables
                     [(Name,TcTyVar)],  -- The wildcards
                     HsWrapper)         -- Coercion due to unification with actual ty
                                        -- Of shape:  res_ty ~ sig_ty
    tcPatSig in_pat_bind sig res_ty
     = do  { (sig_wcs, sig_tvs, sig_ty) <- tcHsPatSigType PatSigCtxt sig
            -- sig_tvs are the type variables free in 'sig',
            -- and not already in scope. These are the ones
            -- that should be brought into scope

            ; if null sig_tvs then do {
                    -- Just do the subsumption check and return
                      wrap <- addErrCtxtM (mk_msg sig_ty) $
                              tcSubTypeET PatSigOrigin PatSigCtxt res_ty sig_ty
                    ; return (sig_ty, [], sig_wcs, wrap)
            } else do
                    -- Type signature binds at least one scoped type variable

                    -- A pattern binding cannot bind scoped type variables
                    -- It is more convenient to make the test here
                    -- than in the renamer
            { when in_pat_bind (addErr (patBindSigErr sig_tvs))

                    -- Check that all newly-in-scope tyvars are in fact
                    -- constrained by the pattern.  This catches tiresome
                    -- cases like
                    --      type T a = Int
                    --      f :: Int -> Int
                    --      f (x :: T a) = ...
                    -- Here 'a' doesn't get a binding.  Sigh
            ; let bad_tvs = filterOut (`elemVarSet` exactTyCoVarsOfType sig_ty)
                                      (tyCoVarsOfTypeList sig_ty)
            ; checkTc (null bad_tvs) (badPatTyVarTvs sig_ty bad_tvs)

            -- Now do a subsumption check of the pattern signature against res_ty
            ; wrap <- addErrCtxtM (mk_msg sig_ty) $
                      tcSubTypeET PatSigOrigin PatSigCtxt res_ty sig_ty

            -- Phew!
            ; return (sig_ty, sig_tvs, sig_wcs, wrap)
            } }
      where
        mk_msg sig_ty tidy_env
           = do { (tidy_env, sig_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env sig_ty
                ; res_ty <- readExpType res_ty   -- should be filled in by now
                ; (tidy_env, res_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env res_ty
                ; let msg = vcat [ hang (text "When checking that the pattern signature:")
                                      4 (ppr sig_ty)
                                 , nest 2 (hang (text "fits the type of its context:")
                                              2 (ppr res_ty)) ]
                ; return (tidy_env, msg) }

    patBindSigErr :: [(Name,TcTyVar)] -> SDoc
    patBindSigErr sig_tvs
      = hang (text "You cannot bind scoped type variable" <> plural sig_tvs
              <+> pprQuotedList (map fst sig_tvs))
           2 (text "in a pattern binding signature")

    {- Note [Pattern signature binders]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    See also Note [Type variables in the type environment] in TcRnTypes.
    Consider

      data T where
        MkT :: forall a. a -> (a -> Int) -> T

      f :: T -> ...
      f (MkT x (f :: b -> c)) = <blah>

    Here
     * The pattern (MkT p1 p2) creates a *skolem* type variable 'a_sk',
       It must be a skolem so that that it retains its identity, and
       TcErrors.getSkolemInfo can thereby find the binding site for the skolem.

     * The type signature pattern (f :: b -> c) makes freshs meta-tyvars
       beta and gamma (TauTvs), and binds "b" :-> beta, "c" :-> gamma in the
       environment

     * Then unification makes beta := a_sk, gamma := Int
       That's why we must make beta and gamma a MetaTv,
       not a SkolemTv, so that it can unify to a_sk (or Int, respectively).

     * Finally, in '<blah>' we have the envt "b" :-> beta, "c" :-> gamma,
       so we return the pairs ("b" :-> beta, "c" :-> gamma) from tcHsPatSigType,

    Another example (Trac #13881):
       fl :: forall (l :: [a]). Sing l -> Sing l
       fl (SNil :: Sing (l :: [y])) = SNil
    When we reach the pattern signature, 'l' is in scope from the
    outer 'forall':
       "a" :-> a_sk :: *
       "l" :-> l_sk :: [a_sk]
    We make up a fresh meta-TauTv, y_sig, for 'y', and kind-check
    the pattern signature
       Sing (l :: [y])
    That unifies y_sig := a_sk.  We return from tcHsPatSigType with
    the pair ("y" :-> y_sig).

    For RULE binders, though, things are a bit different (yuk).
      RULE "foo" forall (x::a) (y::[a]).  f x y = ...
    Here this really is the binding site of the type variable so we'd like
    to use a skolem, so that we get a complaint if we unify two of them
    together.  Hence the new_tv function in tcHsPatSigType.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Checking kinds
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    -}

    unifyKinds :: [LHsType GhcRn] -> [(TcType, TcKind)] -> TcM ([TcType], TcKind)
    unifyKinds rn_tys act_kinds
      = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; let check rn_ty (ty, act_kind) = checkExpectedKind YesSaturation (ppr $ unLoc rn_ty) ty act_kind kind
           ; tys' <- zipWithM check rn_tys act_kinds
           ; return (tys', kind) }

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
        Promotion
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- | Whenever a type is about to be added to the environment, it's necessary
    -- to make sure that any free meta-tyvars in the type are promoted to the
    -- current TcLevel. (They might be at a higher level due to the level-bumping
    -- in tcExplicitTKBndrs, for example.) This function both zonks *and*
    -- promotes. Why at the same time? See Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
    zonkPromoteType :: TcType -> TcM TcType
    zonkPromoteType = mapType zonkPromoteMapper ()

    -- cf. TcMType.zonkTcTypeMapper
    zonkPromoteMapper :: TyCoMapper () TcM
    zonkPromoteMapper = TyCoMapper { tcm_smart    = True
                                   , tcm_tyvar    = const zonkPromoteTcTyVar
                                   , tcm_covar    = const covar
                                   , tcm_hole     = const hole
                                   , tcm_tycobinder = const tybinder
                                   , tcm_tycon    = return }
      where
        covar cv
          = mkCoVarCo <$> zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind cv

        hole :: CoercionHole -> TcM Coercion
        hole h
          = do { contents <- unpackCoercionHole_maybe h
               ; case contents of
                   Just co -> do { co <- zonkPromoteCoercion co
                                 ; checkCoercionHole cv co }
                   Nothing -> do { cv' <- zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind cv
                                 ; return $ mkHoleCo (setCoHoleCoVar h cv') } }
          where
            cv = coHoleCoVar h

        tybinder :: TyVar -> ArgFlag -> TcM ((), TyVar)
        tybinder tv _flag = ((), ) <$> zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind tv

    zonkPromoteTcTyVar :: TyCoVar -> TcM TcType
    zonkPromoteTcTyVar tv
      | isMetaTyVar tv
      = do { let ref = metaTyVarRef tv
           ; contents <- readTcRef ref
           ; case contents of
               Flexi -> do { (_, promoted_tv) <- promoteTyVar tv
                           ; mkTyVarTy <$> zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind promoted_tv }
               Indirect ty -> zonkPromoteType ty }

      | isTcTyVar tv && isSkolemTyVar tv  -- NB: isSkolemTyVar says "True" to pure TyVars
      = do { tc_lvl <- getTcLevel
           ; mkTyVarTy <$> zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind (promoteSkolem tc_lvl tv) }

      | otherwise
      = mkTyVarTy <$> zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind tv

    zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind :: TyCoVar -> TcM TyCoVar
    zonkPromoteTyCoVarKind = updateTyVarKindM zonkPromoteType

    zonkPromoteCoercion :: Coercion -> TcM Coercion
    zonkPromoteCoercion = mapCoercion zonkPromoteMapper ()

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Sort checking kinds
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    tcLHsKindSig converts a user-written kind to an internal, sort-checked kind.
    It does sort checking and desugaring at the same time, in one single pass.
    -}

    tcLHsKindSig :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsKind GhcRn -> TcM Kind
    tcLHsKindSig ctxt hs_kind
    -- See  Note [Recipe for checking a signature] in TcHsType
    -- Result is zonked
      = do { kind <- solveLocalEqualities "tcLHsKindSig" $
                     tc_lhs_kind kindLevelMode hs_kind
           ; traceTc "tcLHsKindSig" (ppr hs_kind $$ ppr kind)
           -- No generalization, so we must promote
           ; kind <- zonkPromoteType kind
             -- This zonk is very important in the case of higher rank kinds
             -- E.g. Trac #13879    f :: forall (p :: forall z (y::z). <blah>).
             --                          <more blah>
             --      When instantiating p's kind at occurrences of p in <more blah>
             --      it's crucial that the kind we instantiate is fully zonked,
             --      else we may fail to substitute properly

           ; checkValidType ctxt kind
           ; traceTc "tcLHsKindSig2" (ppr kind)
           ; return kind }

    tc_lhs_kind :: TcTyMode -> LHsKind GhcRn -> TcM Kind
    tc_lhs_kind mode k
      = addErrCtxt (text "In the kind" <+> quotes (ppr k)) $
        tc_lhs_type (kindLevel mode) k liftedTypeKind

    promotionErr :: Name -> PromotionErr -> TcM a
    promotionErr name err
      = failWithTc (hang (pprPECategory err <+> quotes (ppr name) <+> text "cannot be used here")
                       2 (parens reason))
      where
        reason = case err of
                   ConstrainedDataConPE pred
                                  -> text "it has an unpromotable context"
                                     <+> quotes (ppr pred)
                   FamDataConPE   -> text "it comes from a data family instance"
                   NoDataKindsTC  -> text "perhaps you intended to use DataKinds"
                   NoDataKindsDC  -> text "perhaps you intended to use DataKinds"
                   PatSynPE       -> text "pattern synonyms cannot be promoted"
                   PatSynExPE     -> sep [ text "the existential variables of a pattern synonym"
                                         , text "signature do not scope over the pattern" ]
                   _ -> text "it is defined and used in the same recursive group"

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Scoped type variables
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    badPatTyVarTvs :: TcType -> [TyVar] -> SDoc
    badPatTyVarTvs sig_ty bad_tvs
      = vcat [ fsep [text "The type variable" <> plural bad_tvs,
                     quotes (pprWithCommas ppr bad_tvs),
                     text "should be bound by the pattern signature" <+> quotes (ppr sig_ty),
                     text "but are actually discarded by a type synonym" ]
             , text "To fix this, expand the type synonym"
             , text "[Note: I hope to lift this restriction in due course]" ]

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
              Error messages and such
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    {- Note [Free-floating kind vars]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider

      data S a = MkS (Proxy (a :: k))

    According to the rules around implicitly-bound kind variables,
    that k scopes over the whole declaration. The renamer grabs
    it and adds it to the hsq_implicits field of the HsQTyVars of the
    tycon.  So we get
       S :: forall {k}. k -> Type

    That's fine.  But consider this variant:
      data T = MkT (forall (a :: k). Proxy a)
      -- from test ghci/scripts/T7873

    This is not an existential datatype, but a higher-rank one (the forall
    to the right of MkT). Again, 'k' scopes over the whole declaration,
    but we do not want to get
       T :: forall {k}. Type
    Why not? Because the kind variable isn't fixed by anything. For
    a variable like k to be implicit, it needs to be mentioned in the kind
    of a tycon tyvar. But it isn't.

    Rejecting T depends on whether or not the datatype has a CUSK.

    Non-CUSK (handled in TcTyClsDecls.kcTyClGroup (generalise)):
       When generalising the TyCon we check that every Specified 'k'
       appears free in the kind of the TyCon; that is, in the kind of
       one of its Required arguments, or the result kind.

    CUSK (handled in TcHsType.kcLHsQTyVars, the CUSK case):
       When we determine the tycon's final, never-to-be-changed kind
       in kcLHsQTyVars, we check to make sure all implicitly-bound kind
       vars are indeed mentioned in a kind somewhere. If not, error.

    We also perform free-floating kind var analysis for type family instances
    (see #13985). Here is an interesting example:

        type family   T :: k
        type instance T = (Nothing :: Maybe a)

    Upon a cursory glance, it may appear that the kind variable `a` is
    free-floating above, since there are no (visible) LHS patterns in `T`. However,
    there is an *invisible* pattern due to the return kind, so inside of GHC, the
    instance looks closer to this:

        type family T @k :: k
        type instance T @(Maybe a) = (Nothing :: Maybe a)

    Here, we can see that `a` really is bound by a LHS type pattern, so `a` is in
    fact not free-floating. Contrast that with this example:

        type instance T = Proxy (Nothing :: Maybe a)

    This would looks like this inside of GHC:

        type instance T @(*) = Proxy (Nothing :: Maybe a)

    So this time, `a` is neither bound by a visible nor invisible type pattern on
    the LHS, so it would be reported as free-floating.

    Finally, here's one more brain-teaser (from #9574). In the example below:

        class Funct f where
          type Codomain f :: *
        instance Funct ('KProxy :: KProxy o) where
          type Codomain 'KProxy = NatTr (Proxy :: o -> *)

    As it turns out, `o` is not free-floating in this example. That is because `o`
    bound by the kind signature of the LHS type pattern 'KProxy. To make this more
    obvious, one can also write the instance like so:

        instance Funct ('KProxy :: KProxy o) where
          type Codomain ('KProxy :: KProxy o) = NatTr (Proxy :: o -> *)
    -}

    -- See Note [Free-floating kind vars]
    reportFloatingKvs :: Name         -- of the tycon
                      -> TyConFlavour -- What sort of TyCon it is
                      -> [TcTyVar]    -- all tyvars, not necessarily zonked
                      -> [TcTyVar]    -- floating tyvars
                      -> TcM ()
    reportFloatingKvs tycon_name flav all_tvs bad_tvs
      = unless (null bad_tvs) $  -- don't bother zonking if there's no error
        do { all_tvs <- mapM zonkTcTyVarToTyVar all_tvs
           ; bad_tvs <- mapM zonkTcTyVarToTyVar bad_tvs
           ; let (tidy_env, tidy_all_tvs) = tidyOpenTyCoVars emptyTidyEnv all_tvs
                 tidy_bad_tvs             = map (tidyTyCoVarOcc tidy_env) bad_tvs
           ; mapM_ (report tidy_all_tvs) tidy_bad_tvs }
      where
        report tidy_all_tvs tidy_bad_tv
          = addErr $
            vcat [ text "Kind variable" <+> quotes (ppr tidy_bad_tv) <+>
                   text "is implicitly bound in" <+> ppr flav
                 , quotes (ppr tycon_name) <> comma <+>
                   text "but does not appear as the kind of any"
                 , text "of its type variables. Perhaps you meant"
                 , text "to bind it explicitly somewhere?"
                 , ppWhen (not (null tidy_all_tvs)) $
                     hang (text "Type variables with inferred kinds:")
                     2 (ppr_tv_bndrs tidy_all_tvs) ]

        ppr_tv_bndrs tvs = sep (map pp_tv tvs)
        pp_tv tv         = parens (ppr tv <+> dcolon <+> ppr (tyVarKind tv))

    -- | If the inner action emits constraints, report them as errors and fail;
    -- otherwise, propagates the return value. Useful as a wrapper around
    -- 'tcImplicitTKBndrs', which uses solveLocalEqualities, when there won't be
    -- another chance to solve constraints
    failIfEmitsConstraints :: TcM a -> TcM a
    failIfEmitsConstraints thing_inside
      = checkNoErrs $  -- We say that we fail if there are constraints!
                       -- c.f same checkNoErrs in solveEqualities
        do { (res, lie) <- captureConstraints thing_inside
           ; reportAllUnsolved lie
           ; return res
           }

    -- | Make an appropriate message for an error in a function argument.
    -- Used for both expressions and types.
    funAppCtxt :: (Outputable fun, Outputable arg) => fun -> arg -> Int -> SDoc
    funAppCtxt fun arg arg_no
      = hang (hsep [ text "In the", speakNth arg_no, ptext (sLit "argument of"),
                        quotes (ppr fun) <> text ", namely"])
           2 (quotes (ppr arg))

    -- | Add a "In the data declaration for T" or some such.
    addTyConFlavCtxt :: Name -> TyConFlavour -> TcM a -> TcM a
    addTyConFlavCtxt name flav
      = addErrCtxt $ hsep [ text "In the", ppr flav
                          , text "declaration for", quotes (ppr name) ]