module SimplUtils ( -- Rebuilding mkLam, mkCase, prepareAlts, tryEtaExpand, -- Inlining, preInlineUnconditionally, postInlineUnconditionally, activeUnfolding, activeRule, getUnfoldingInRuleMatch, simplEnvForGHCi, updModeForInlineRules, -- The continuation type SimplCont(..), DupFlag(..), ArgInfo(..), isSimplified, contIsDupable, contResultType, contIsTrivial, contArgs, dropArgs, pushSimplifiedArgs, countValArgs, countArgs, addArgTo, mkBoringStop, mkRhsStop, mkLazyArgStop, contIsRhsOrArg, interestingCallContext, interestingArg, mkArgInfo, abstractFloats ) where #include "HsVersions.h" import SimplEnv import CoreMonad ( SimplifierMode(..), Tick(..) ) import DynFlags import StaticFlags import CoreSyn import qualified CoreSubst import PprCore import DataCon ( dataConCannotMatch ) import CoreFVs import CoreUtils import CoreArity import CoreUnfold import Name import Id import Var import Demand import SimplMonad import Type hiding( substTy ) import Coercion hiding( substCo ) import TyCon import VarSet import BasicTypes import Util import MonadUtils import Outputable import FastString import Pair import Data.List\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * The SimplCont type %* * %************************************************************************ A SimplCont allows the simplifier to traverse the expression in a zipper-like fashion. The SimplCont represents the rest of the expression, "above" the point of interest. You can also think of a SimplCont as an "evaluation context", using that term in the way it is used for operational semantics. This is the way I usually think of it, For example you'll often see a syntax for evaluation context looking like C ::= [] | C e | case C of alts | C `cast` co That's the kind of thing we are doing here, and I use that syntax in the comments. Key points: * A SimplCont describes a *strict* context (just like evaluation contexts do). E.g. Just [] is not a SimplCont * A SimplCont describes a context that *does not* bind any variables. E.g. \x. [] is not a SimplCont \begin{code}
data SimplCont = Stop -- An empty context, or hole, [] CallCtxt -- True <=> There is something interesting about -- the context, and hence the inliner -- should be a bit keener (see interestingCallContext) -- Specifically: -- This is an argument of a function that has RULES -- Inlining the call might allow the rule to fire | CoerceIt -- C `cast` co OutCoercion -- The coercion simplified -- Invariant: never an identity coercion SimplCont | ApplyTo -- C arg DupFlag -- See Note [DupFlag invariants] InExpr StaticEnv -- The argument and its static env SimplCont | Select -- case C of alts DupFlag -- See Note [DupFlag invariants] InId [InAlt] StaticEnv -- The case binder, alts, and subst-env SimplCont -- The two strict forms have no DupFlag, because we never duplicate them | StrictBind -- (\x* \xs. e) C InId [InBndr] -- let x* = [] in e InExpr StaticEnv -- is a special case SimplCont | StrictArg -- f e1 ..en C ArgInfo -- Specifies f, e1..en, Whether f has rules, etc -- plus strictness flags for *further* args CallCtxt -- Whether *this* argument position is interesting SimplCont data ArgInfo = ArgInfo { ai_fun :: Id, -- The function ai_args :: [OutExpr], -- ...applied to these args (which are in *reverse* order) ai_rules :: [CoreRule], -- Rules for this function ai_encl :: Bool, -- Flag saying whether this function -- or an enclosing one has rules (recursively) -- True => be keener to inline in all args ai_strs :: [Bool], -- Strictness of remaining arguments -- Usually infinite, but if it is finite it guarantees -- that the function diverges after being given -- that number of args ai_discs :: [Int] -- Discounts for remaining arguments; non-zero => be keener to inline -- Always infinite } addArgTo :: ArgInfo -> OutExpr -> ArgInfo addArgTo ai arg = ai { ai_args = arg : ai_args ai } instance Outputable SimplCont where ppr (Stop interesting) = ptext (sLit "Stop") <> brackets (ppr interesting) ppr (ApplyTo dup arg _ cont) = ((ptext (sLit "ApplyTo") <+> ppr dup <+> pprParendExpr arg) {- $$ nest 2 (pprSimplEnv se) -}) $$ ppr cont ppr (StrictBind b _ _ _ cont) = (ptext (sLit "StrictBind") <+> ppr b) $$ ppr cont ppr (StrictArg ai _ cont) = (ptext (sLit "StrictArg") <+> ppr (ai_fun ai)) $$ ppr cont ppr (Select dup bndr alts se cont) = (ptext (sLit "Select") <+> ppr dup <+> ppr bndr) $$ (nest 2 $ vcat [ppr (seTvSubst se), ppr alts]) $$ ppr cont ppr (CoerceIt co cont) = (ptext (sLit "CoerceIt") <+> ppr co) $$ ppr cont data DupFlag = NoDup -- Unsimplified, might be big | Simplified -- Simplified | OkToDup -- Simplified and small isSimplified :: DupFlag -> Bool isSimplified NoDup = False isSimplified _ = True -- Invariant: the subst-env is empty instance Outputable DupFlag where ppr OkToDup = ptext (sLit "ok") ppr NoDup = ptext (sLit "nodup") ppr Simplified = ptext (sLit "simpl")\end{code} Note [DupFlag invariants] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In both (ApplyTo dup _ env k) and (Select dup _ _ env k) the following invariants hold (a) if dup = OkToDup, then continuation k is also ok-to-dup (b) if dup = OkToDup or Simplified, the subst-env is empty (and and hence no need to re-simplify) \begin{code}
------------------- mkBoringStop :: SimplCont mkBoringStop = Stop BoringCtxt mkRhsStop :: SimplCont -- See Note [RHS of lets] in CoreUnfold mkRhsStop = Stop (ArgCtxt False) mkLazyArgStop :: CallCtxt -> SimplCont mkLazyArgStop cci = Stop cci ------------------- contIsRhsOrArg :: SimplCont -> Bool contIsRhsOrArg (Stop {}) = True contIsRhsOrArg (StrictBind {}) = True contIsRhsOrArg (StrictArg {}) = True contIsRhsOrArg _ = False ------------------- contIsDupable :: SimplCont -> Bool contIsDupable (Stop {}) = True contIsDupable (ApplyTo OkToDup _ _ _) = True -- See Note [DupFlag invariants] contIsDupable (Select OkToDup _ _ _ _) = True -- ...ditto... contIsDupable (CoerceIt _ cont) = contIsDupable cont contIsDupable _ = False ------------------- contIsTrivial :: SimplCont -> Bool contIsTrivial (Stop {}) = True contIsTrivial (ApplyTo _ (Type _) _ cont) = contIsTrivial cont contIsTrivial (ApplyTo _ (Coercion _) _ cont) = contIsTrivial cont contIsTrivial (CoerceIt _ cont) = contIsTrivial cont contIsTrivial _ = False ------------------- contResultType :: SimplEnv -> OutType -> SimplCont -> OutType contResultType env ty cont = go cont ty where subst_ty se ty = SimplEnv.substTy (se `setInScope` env) ty subst_co se co = SimplEnv.substCo (se `setInScope` env) co go (Stop {}) ty = ty go (CoerceIt co cont) _ = go cont (pSnd (coercionKind co)) go (StrictBind _ bs body se cont) _ = go cont (subst_ty se (exprType (mkLams bs body))) go (StrictArg ai _ cont) _ = go cont (funResultTy (argInfoResultTy ai)) go (Select _ _ alts se cont) _ = go cont (subst_ty se (coreAltsType alts)) go (ApplyTo _ arg se cont) ty = go cont (apply_to_arg ty arg se) apply_to_arg ty (Type ty_arg) se = applyTy ty (subst_ty se ty_arg) apply_to_arg ty (Coercion co_arg) se = applyCo ty (subst_co se co_arg) apply_to_arg ty _ _ = funResultTy ty argInfoResultTy :: ArgInfo -> OutType argInfoResultTy (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = args }) = foldr (\arg fn_ty -> applyTypeToArg fn_ty arg) (idType fun) args ------------------- countValArgs :: SimplCont -> Int countValArgs (ApplyTo _ (Type _) _ cont) = countValArgs cont countValArgs (ApplyTo _ (Coercion _) _ cont) = countValArgs cont countValArgs (ApplyTo _ _ _ cont) = 1 + countValArgs cont countValArgs _ = 0 countArgs :: SimplCont -> Int countArgs (ApplyTo _ _ _ cont) = 1 + countArgs cont countArgs _ = 0 contArgs :: SimplCont -> (Bool, [ArgSummary], SimplCont) -- Uses substitution to turn each arg into an OutExpr contArgs cont@(ApplyTo {}) = case go [] cont of { (args, cont') -> (False, args, cont') } where go args (ApplyTo _ arg se cont) | isTypeArg arg = go args cont | otherwise = go (is_interesting arg se : args) cont go args cont = (reverse args, cont) is_interesting arg se = interestingArg (substExpr (text "contArgs") se arg) -- Do *not* use short-cutting substitution here -- because we want to get as much IdInfo as possible contArgs cont = (True, [], cont) pushSimplifiedArgs :: SimplEnv -> [CoreExpr] -> SimplCont -> SimplCont pushSimplifiedArgs _env [] cont = cont pushSimplifiedArgs env (arg:args) cont = ApplyTo Simplified arg env (pushSimplifiedArgs env args cont) -- The env has an empty SubstEnv dropArgs :: Int -> SimplCont -> SimplCont dropArgs 0 cont = cont dropArgs n (ApplyTo _ _ _ cont) = dropArgs (n-1) cont dropArgs n other = pprPanic "dropArgs" (ppr n <+> ppr other)\end{code} Note [Interesting call context] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We want to avoid inlining an expression where there can't possibly be any gain, such as in an argument position. Hence, if the continuation is interesting (eg. a case scrutinee, application etc.) then we inline, otherwise we don't. Previously some_benefit used to return True only if the variable was applied to some value arguments. This didn't work: let x = _coerce_ (T Int) Int (I# 3) in case _coerce_ Int (T Int) x of I# y -> .... we want to inline x, but can't see that it's a constructor in a case scrutinee position, and some_benefit is False. Another example: dMonadST = _/\_ t -> :Monad (g1 _@_ t, g2 _@_ t, g3 _@_ t) .... case dMonadST _@_ x0 of (a,b,c) -> .... we'd really like to inline dMonadST here, but we *don't* want to inline if the case expression is just case x of y { DEFAULT -> ... } since we can just eliminate this case instead (x is in WHNF). Similar applies when x is bound to a lambda expression. Hence contIsInteresting looks for case expressions with just a single default case. \begin{code}
interestingCallContext :: SimplCont -> CallCtxt -- See Note [Interesting call context] interestingCallContext cont = interesting cont where interesting (Select _ bndr _ _ _) | isDeadBinder bndr = CaseCtxt | otherwise = ArgCtxt False -- If the binder is used, this -- is like a strict let -- See Note [RHS of lets] in CoreUnfold interesting (ApplyTo _ arg _ cont) | isTypeArg arg = interesting cont | otherwise = ValAppCtxt -- Can happen if we have (f Int |> co) y -- If f has an INLINE prag we need to give it some -- motivation to inline. See Note [Cast then apply] -- in CoreUnfold interesting (StrictArg _ cci _) = cci interesting (StrictBind {}) = BoringCtxt interesting (Stop cci) = cci interesting (CoerceIt _ cont) = interesting cont -- If this call is the arg of a strict function, the context -- is a bit interesting. If we inline here, we may get useful -- evaluation information to avoid repeated evals: e.g. -- x + (y * z) -- Here the contIsInteresting makes the '*' keener to inline, -- which in turn exposes a constructor which makes the '+' inline. -- Assuming that +,* aren't small enough to inline regardless. -- -- It's also very important to inline in a strict context for things -- like -- foldr k z (f x) -- Here, the context of (f x) is strict, and if f's unfolding is -- a build it's *great* to inline it here. So we must ensure that -- the context for (f x) is not totally uninteresting. ------------------- mkArgInfo :: Id -> [CoreRule] -- Rules for function -> Int -- Number of value args -> SimplCont -- Context of the call -> ArgInfo mkArgInfo fun rules n_val_args call_cont | n_val_args < idArity fun -- Note [Unsaturated functions] = ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = [], ai_rules = rules , ai_encl = False , ai_strs = vanilla_stricts , ai_discs = vanilla_discounts } | otherwise = ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = [], ai_rules = rules , ai_encl = interestingArgContext rules call_cont , ai_strs = add_type_str (idType fun) arg_stricts , ai_discs = arg_discounts } where vanilla_discounts, arg_discounts :: [Int] vanilla_discounts = repeat 0 arg_discounts = case idUnfolding fun of CoreUnfolding {uf_guidance = UnfIfGoodArgs {ug_args = discounts}} -> discounts ++ vanilla_discounts _ -> vanilla_discounts vanilla_stricts, arg_stricts :: [Bool] vanilla_stricts = repeat False arg_stricts = case splitStrictSig (idStrictness fun) of (demands, result_info) | not (demands `lengthExceeds` n_val_args) -> -- Enough args, use the strictness given. -- For bottoming functions we used to pretend that the arg -- is lazy, so that we don't treat the arg as an -- interesting context. This avoids substituting -- top-level bindings for (say) strings into -- calls to error. But now we are more careful about -- inlining lone variables, so its ok (see SimplUtils.analyseCont) if isBotRes result_info then map isStrictDmd demands -- Finite => result is bottom else map isStrictDmd demands ++ vanilla_stricts | otherwise -> WARN( True, text "More demands than arity" <+> ppr fun <+> ppr (idArity fun) <+> ppr n_val_args <+> ppr demands ) vanilla_stricts -- Not enough args, or no strictness add_type_str :: Type -> [Bool] -> [Bool] -- If the function arg types are strict, record that in the 'strictness bits' -- No need to instantiate because unboxed types (which dominate the strict -- types) can't instantiate type variables. -- add_type_str is done repeatedly (for each call); might be better -- once-for-all in the function -- But beware primops/datacons with no strictness add_type_str _ [] = [] add_type_str fun_ty strs -- Look through foralls | Just (_, fun_ty') <- splitForAllTy_maybe fun_ty -- Includes coercions = add_type_str fun_ty' strs add_type_str fun_ty (str:strs) -- Add strict-type info | Just (arg_ty, fun_ty') <- splitFunTy_maybe fun_ty = (str || isStrictType arg_ty) : add_type_str fun_ty' strs add_type_str _ strs = strs {- Note [Unsaturated functions] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider (test eyeball/inline4) x = a:as y = f x where f has arity 2. Then we do not want to inline 'x', because it'll just be floated out again. Even if f has lots of discounts on its first argument -- it must be saturated for these to kick in -} interestingArgContext :: [CoreRule] -> SimplCont -> Bool -- If the argument has form (f x y), where x,y are boring, -- and f is marked INLINE, then we don't want to inline f. -- But if the context of the argument is -- g (f x y) -- where g has rules, then we *do* want to inline f, in case it -- exposes a rule that might fire. Similarly, if the context is -- h (g (f x x)) -- where h has rules, then we do want to inline f; hence the -- call_cont argument to interestingArgContext -- -- The ai-rules flag makes this happen; if it's -- set, the inliner gets just enough keener to inline f -- regardless of how boring f's arguments are, if it's marked INLINE -- -- The alternative would be to *always* inline an INLINE function, -- regardless of how boring its context is; but that seems overkill -- For example, it'd mean that wrapper functions were always inlined interestingArgContext rules call_cont = notNull rules || enclosing_fn_has_rules where enclosing_fn_has_rules = go call_cont go (Select {}) = False go (ApplyTo {}) = False go (StrictArg _ cci _) = interesting cci go (StrictBind {}) = False -- ?? go (CoerceIt _ c) = go c go (Stop cci) = interesting cci interesting (ArgCtxt rules) = rules interesting _ = False\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * SimplifierMode %* * %************************************************************************ The SimplifierMode controls several switches; see its definition in CoreMonad sm_rules :: Bool -- Whether RULES are enabled sm_inline :: Bool -- Whether inlining is enabled sm_case_case :: Bool -- Whether case-of-case is enabled sm_eta_expand :: Bool -- Whether eta-expansion is enabled \begin{code}
simplEnvForGHCi :: DynFlags -> SimplEnv simplEnvForGHCi dflags = mkSimplEnv $ SimplMode { sm_names = ["GHCi"] , sm_phase = InitialPhase , sm_rules = rules_on , sm_inline = False , sm_eta_expand = eta_expand_on , sm_case_case = True } where rules_on = dopt Opt_EnableRewriteRules dflags eta_expand_on = dopt Opt_DoLambdaEtaExpansion dflags -- Do not do any inlining, in case we expose some unboxed -- tuple stuff that confuses the bytecode interpreter updModeForInlineRules :: Activation -> SimplifierMode -> SimplifierMode -- See Note [Simplifying inside InlineRules] updModeForInlineRules inline_rule_act current_mode = current_mode { sm_phase = phaseFromActivation inline_rule_act , sm_inline = True , sm_eta_expand = False } -- For sm_rules, just inherit; sm_rules might be "off" -- becuase of -fno-enable-rewrite-rules where phaseFromActivation (ActiveAfter n) = Phase n phaseFromActivation _ = InitialPhase\end{code} Note [Inlining in gentle mode] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Something is inlined if (i) the sm_inline flag is on, AND (ii) the thing has an INLINE pragma, AND (iii) the thing is inlinable in the earliest phase. Example of why (iii) is important: {-# INLINE [~1] g #-} g = ... {-# INLINE f #-} f x = g (g x) If we were to inline g into f's inlining, then an importing module would never be able to do f e --> g (g e) ---> RULE fires because the InlineRule for f has had g inlined into it. On the other hand, it is bad not to do ANY inlining into an InlineRule, because then recursive knots in instance declarations don't get unravelled. However, *sometimes* SimplGently must do no call-site inlining at all (hence sm_inline = False). Before full laziness we must be careful not to inline wrappers, because doing so inhibits floating e.g. ...(case f x of ...)... ==> ...(case (case x of I# x# -> fw x#) of ...)... ==> ...(case x of I# x# -> case fw x# of ...)... and now the redex (f x) isn't floatable any more. The no-inlining thing is also important for Template Haskell. You might be compiling in one-shot mode with -O2; but when TH compiles a splice before running it, we don't want to use -O2. Indeed, we don't want to inline anything, because the byte-code interpreter might get confused about unboxed tuples and suchlike. Note [Simplifying inside InlineRules] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We must take care with simplification inside InlineRules (which come from INLINE pragmas). First, consider the following example let f = \pq -> BIG in let g = \y -> f y y {-# INLINE g #-} in ...g...g...g...g...g... Now, if that's the ONLY occurrence of f, it might be inlined inside g, and thence copied multiple times when g is inlined. HENCE we treat any occurrence in an InlineRule as a multiple occurrence, not a single one; see OccurAnal.addRuleUsage. Second, we do want *do* to some modest rules/inlining stuff in InlineRules, partly to eliminate senseless crap, and partly to break the recursive knots generated by instance declarations. However, suppose we have {-# INLINE
activeUnfolding :: SimplEnv -> Id -> Bool activeUnfolding env | not (sm_inline mode) = active_unfolding_minimal | otherwise = case sm_phase mode of InitialPhase -> active_unfolding_gentle Phase n -> active_unfolding n where mode = getMode env getUnfoldingInRuleMatch :: SimplEnv -> IdUnfoldingFun -- When matching in RULE, we want to "look through" an unfolding -- (to see a constructor) if *rules* are on, even if *inlinings* -- are not. A notable example is DFuns, which really we want to -- match in rules like (op dfun) in gentle mode. Another example -- is 'otherwise' which we want exprIsConApp_maybe to be able to -- see very early on getUnfoldingInRuleMatch env id | unf_is_active = idUnfolding id | otherwise = NoUnfolding where mode = getMode env unf_is_active | not (sm_rules mode) = active_unfolding_minimal id | otherwise = isActive (sm_phase mode) (idInlineActivation id) active_unfolding_minimal :: Id -> Bool -- Compuslory unfoldings only -- Ignore SimplGently, because we want to inline regardless; -- the Id has no top-level binding at all -- -- NB: we used to have a second exception, for data con wrappers. -- On the grounds that we use gentle mode for rule LHSs, and -- they match better when data con wrappers are inlined. -- But that only really applies to the trivial wrappers (like (:)), -- and they are now constructed as Compulsory unfoldings (in MkId) -- so they'll happen anyway. active_unfolding_minimal id = isCompulsoryUnfolding (realIdUnfolding id) active_unfolding :: PhaseNum -> Id -> Bool active_unfolding n id = isActiveIn n (idInlineActivation id) active_unfolding_gentle :: Id -> Bool -- Anything that is early-active -- See Note [Gentle mode] active_unfolding_gentle id = isInlinePragma prag && isEarlyActive (inlinePragmaActivation prag) -- NB: wrappers are not early-active where prag = idInlinePragma id ---------------------- activeRule :: SimplEnv -> Activation -> Bool -- Nothing => No rules at all activeRule env | not (sm_rules mode) = \_ -> False -- Rewriting is off | otherwise = isActive (sm_phase mode) where mode = getMode env\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * preInlineUnconditionally %* * %************************************************************************ preInlineUnconditionally ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @preInlineUnconditionally@ examines a bndr to see if it is used just once in a completely safe way, so that it is safe to discard the binding inline its RHS at the (unique) usage site, REGARDLESS of how big the RHS might be. If this is the case we don't simplify the RHS first, but just inline it un-simplified. This is much better than first simplifying a perhaps-huge RHS and then inlining and re-simplifying it. Indeed, it can be at least quadratically better. Consider x1 = e1 x2 = e2[x1] x3 = e3[x2] ...etc... xN = eN[xN-1] We may end up simplifying e1 N times, e2 N-1 times, e3 N-3 times etc. This can happen with cascades of functions too: f1 = \x1.e1 f2 = \xs.e2[f1] f3 = \xs.e3[f3] ...etc... THE MAIN INVARIANT is this: ---- preInlineUnconditionally invariant ----- IF preInlineUnconditionally chooses to inline x =
preInlineUnconditionally :: SimplEnv -> TopLevelFlag -> InId -> InExpr -> Bool preInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl bndr rhs | not active = False | isStableUnfolding (idUnfolding bndr) = False -- Note [InlineRule and preInlineUnconditionally] | isTopLevel top_lvl && isBottomingId bndr = False -- Note [Top-level bottoming Ids] | opt_SimplNoPreInlining = False | isCoVar bndr = False -- Note [Do not inline CoVars unconditionally] | otherwise = case idOccInfo bndr of IAmDead -> True -- Happens in ((\x.1) v) OneOcc in_lam True int_cxt -> try_once in_lam int_cxt _ -> False where mode = getMode env active = isActive (sm_phase mode) act -- See Note [pre/postInlineUnconditionally in gentle mode] act = idInlineActivation bndr try_once in_lam int_cxt -- There's one textual occurrence | not in_lam = isNotTopLevel top_lvl || early_phase | otherwise = int_cxt && canInlineInLam rhs -- Be very careful before inlining inside a lambda, because (a) we must not -- invalidate occurrence information, and (b) we want to avoid pushing a -- single allocation (here) into multiple allocations (inside lambda). -- Inlining a *function* with a single *saturated* call would be ok, mind you. -- || (if is_cheap && not (canInlineInLam rhs) then pprTrace "preinline" (ppr bndr <+> ppr rhs) ok else ok) -- where -- is_cheap = exprIsCheap rhs -- ok = is_cheap && int_cxt -- int_cxt The context isn't totally boring -- E.g. let f = \ab.BIG in \y. map f xs -- Don't want to substitute for f, because then we allocate -- its closure every time the \y is called -- But: let f = \ab.BIG in \y. map (f y) xs -- Now we do want to substitute for f, even though it's not -- saturated, because we're going to allocate a closure for -- (f y) every time round the loop anyhow. -- canInlineInLam => free vars of rhs are (Once in_lam) or Many, -- so substituting rhs inside a lambda doesn't change the occ info. -- Sadly, not quite the same as exprIsHNF. canInlineInLam (Lit _) = True canInlineInLam (Lam b e) = isRuntimeVar b || canInlineInLam e canInlineInLam (Note _ e) = canInlineInLam e canInlineInLam _ = False early_phase = case sm_phase mode of Phase 0 -> False _ -> True -- If we don't have this early_phase test, consider -- x = length [1,2,3] -- The full laziness pass carefully floats all the cons cells to -- top level, and preInlineUnconditionally floats them all back in. -- Result is (a) static allocation replaced by dynamic allocation -- (b) many simplifier iterations because this tickles -- a related problem; only one inlining per pass -- -- On the other hand, I have seen cases where top-level fusion is -- lost if we don't inline top level thing (e.g. string constants) -- Hence the test for phase zero (which is the phase for all the final -- simplifications). Until phase zero we take no special notice of -- top level things, but then we become more leery about inlining -- them.\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * postInlineUnconditionally %* * %************************************************************************ postInlineUnconditionally ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @postInlineUnconditionally@ decides whether to unconditionally inline a thing based on the form of its RHS; in particular if it has a trivial RHS. If so, we can inline and discard the binding altogether. NB: a loop breaker has must_keep_binding = True and non-loop-breakers only have *forward* references. Hence, it's safe to discard the binding NOTE: This isn't our last opportunity to inline. We're at the binding site right now, and we'll get another opportunity when we get to the ocurrence(s) Note that we do this unconditional inlining only for trival RHSs. Don't inline even WHNFs inside lambdas; doing so may simply increase allocation when the function is called. This isn't the last chance; see NOTE above. NB: Even inline pragmas (e.g. IMustBeINLINEd) are ignored here Why? Because we don't even want to inline them into the RHS of constructor arguments. See NOTE above NB: At one time even NOINLINE was ignored here: if the rhs is trivial it's best to inline it anyway. We often get a=E; b=a from desugaring, with both a and b marked NOINLINE. But that seems incompatible with our new view that inlining is like a RULE, so I'm sticking to the 'active' story for now. \begin{code}
postInlineUnconditionally :: SimplEnv -> TopLevelFlag -> OutId -- The binder (an InId would be fine too) -- (*not* a CoVar) -> OccInfo -- From the InId -> OutExpr -> Unfolding -> Bool postInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl bndr occ_info rhs unfolding | not active = False | isWeakLoopBreaker occ_info = False -- If it's a loop-breaker of any kind, don't inline -- because it might be referred to "earlier" | isExportedId bndr = False | isStableUnfolding unfolding = False -- Note [InlineRule and postInlineUnconditionally] | isTopLevel top_lvl = False -- Note [Top level and postInlineUnconditionally] | exprIsTrivial rhs = True | otherwise = case occ_info of -- The point of examining occ_info here is that for *non-values* -- that occur outside a lambda, the call-site inliner won't have -- a chance (becuase it doesn't know that the thing -- only occurs once). The pre-inliner won't have gotten -- it either, if the thing occurs in more than one branch -- So the main target is things like -- let x = f y in -- case v of -- True -> case x of ... -- False -> case x of ... -- This is very important in practice; e.g. wheel-seive1 doubles -- in allocation if you miss this out OneOcc in_lam _one_br int_cxt -- OneOcc => no code-duplication issue -> smallEnoughToInline unfolding -- Small enough to dup -- ToDo: consider discount on smallEnoughToInline if int_cxt is true -- -- NB: Do NOT inline arbitrarily big things, even if one_br is True -- Reason: doing so risks exponential behaviour. We simplify a big -- expression, inline it, and simplify it again. But if the -- very same thing happens in the big expression, we get -- exponential cost! -- PRINCIPLE: when we've already simplified an expression once, -- make sure that we only inline it if it's reasonably small. && (not in_lam || -- Outside a lambda, we want to be reasonably aggressive -- about inlining into multiple branches of case -- e.g. let x = <non-value> -- in case y of { C1 -> ..x..; C2 -> ..x..; C3 -> ... } -- Inlining can be a big win if C3 is the hot-spot, even if -- the uses in C1, C2 are not 'interesting' -- An example that gets worse if you add int_cxt here is 'clausify' (isCheapUnfolding unfolding && int_cxt)) -- isCheap => acceptable work duplication; in_lam may be true -- int_cxt to prevent us inlining inside a lambda without some -- good reason. See the notes on int_cxt in preInlineUnconditionally IAmDead -> True -- This happens; for example, the case_bndr during case of -- known constructor: case (a,b) of x { (p,q) -> ... } -- Here x isn't mentioned in the RHS, so we don't want to -- create the (dead) let-binding let x = (a,b) in ... _ -> False -- Here's an example that we don't handle well: -- let f = if b then Left (\x.BIG) else Right (\y.BIG) -- in \y. ....case f of {...} .... -- Here f is used just once, and duplicating the case work is fine (exprIsCheap). -- But -- - We can't preInlineUnconditionally because that woud invalidate -- the occ info for b. -- - We can't postInlineUnconditionally because the RHS is big, and -- that risks exponential behaviour -- - We can't call-site inline, because the rhs is big -- Alas! where active = isActive (sm_phase (getMode env)) (idInlineActivation bndr) -- See Note [pre/postInlineUnconditionally in gentle mode]\end{code} Note [Top level and postInlineUnconditionally] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We don't do postInlineUnconditionally for top-level things (even for ones that are trivial): * Doing so will inline top-level error expressions that have been carefully floated out by FloatOut. More generally, it might replace static allocation with dynamic. * Even for trivial expressions there's a problem. Consider {-# RULE "foo" forall (xs::[T]). reverse xs = ruggle xs #-} blah xs = reverse xs ruggle = sort In one simplifier pass we might fire the rule, getting blah xs = ruggle xs but in *that* simplifier pass we must not do postInlineUnconditionally on 'ruggle' because then we'll have an unbound occurrence of 'ruggle' If the rhs is trivial it'll be inlined by callSiteInline, and then the binding will be dead and discarded by the next use of OccurAnal * There is less point, because the main goal is to get rid of local bindings used in multiple case branches. * The inliner should inline trivial things at call sites anyway. Note [InlineRule and postInlineUnconditionally] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Do not do postInlineUnconditionally if the Id has an InlineRule, otherwise we lose the unfolding. Example -- f has InlineRule with rhs (e |> co) -- where 'e' is big f = e |> co Then there's a danger we'll optimise to f' = e f = f' |> co and now postInlineUnconditionally, losing the InlineRule on f. Now f' won't inline because 'e' is too big. c.f. Note [InlineRule and preInlineUnconditionally] %************************************************************************ %* * Rebuilding a lambda %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}
mkLam :: SimplEnv -> [OutBndr] -> OutExpr -> SimplM OutExpr -- mkLam tries three things -- a) eta reduction, if that gives a trivial expression -- b) eta expansion [only if there are some value lambdas] mkLam _b [] body = return body mkLam _env bndrs body = do { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl ; mkLam' dflags bndrs body } where mkLam' :: DynFlags -> [OutBndr] -> OutExpr -> SimplM OutExpr mkLam' dflags bndrs (Cast body co) | not (any bad bndrs) -- Note [Casts and lambdas] = do { lam <- mkLam' dflags bndrs body ; return (mkCoerce (mkPiCos bndrs co) lam) } where co_vars = tyCoVarsOfCo co bad bndr = isCoVar bndr && bndr `elemVarSet` co_vars mkLam' dflags bndrs body@(Lam {}) = mkLam' dflags (bndrs ++ bndrs1) body1 where (bndrs1, body1) = collectBinders body mkLam' dflags bndrs body | dopt Opt_DoEtaReduction dflags , Just etad_lam <- tryEtaReduce bndrs body = do { tick (EtaReduction (head bndrs)) ; return etad_lam } | otherwise = return (mkLams bndrs body)\end{code} Note [Casts and lambdas] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider (\x. (\y. e) `cast` g1) `cast` g2 There is a danger here that the two lambdas look separated, and the full laziness pass might float an expression to between the two. So this equation in mkLam' floats the g1 out, thus: (\x. e `cast` g1) --> (\x.e) `cast` (tx -> g1) where x:tx. In general, this floats casts outside lambdas, where (I hope) they might meet and cancel with some other cast: \x. e `cast` co ===> (\x. e) `cast` (tx -> co) /\a. e `cast` co ===> (/\a. e) `cast` (/\a. co) /\g. e `cast` co ===> (/\g. e) `cast` (/\g. co) (if not (g `in` co)) Notice that it works regardless of 'e'. Originally it worked only if 'e' was itself a lambda, but in some cases that resulted in fruitless iteration in the simplifier. A good example was when compiling Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec, where we had a definition like (\x. Get `cast` g) where Get is a constructor with nonzero arity. Then mkLam eta-expanded the Get, and the next iteration eta-reduced it, and then eta-expanded it again. Note also the side condition for the case of coercion binders. It does not make sense to transform /\g. e `cast` g ==> (/\g.e) `cast` (/\g.g) because the latter is not well-kinded. %************************************************************************ %* * Eta expansion %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}
tryEtaExpand :: SimplEnv -> OutId -> OutExpr -> SimplM (Arity, OutExpr) -- See Note [Eta-expanding at let bindings] tryEtaExpand env bndr rhs = do { dflags <- getDOptsSmpl ; (new_arity, new_rhs) <- try_expand dflags ; WARN( new_arity < old_arity || new_arity < _dmd_arity, (ptext (sLit "Arity decrease:") <+> (ppr bndr <+> ppr old_arity <+> ppr new_arity <+> ppr _dmd_arity) $$ ppr new_rhs) ) -- Note [Arity decrease] return (new_arity, new_rhs) } where try_expand dflags | exprIsTrivial rhs = return (exprArity rhs, rhs) | sm_eta_expand (getMode env) -- Provided eta-expansion is on , let dicts_cheap = dopt Opt_DictsCheap dflags new_arity = findArity dicts_cheap bndr rhs old_arity , new_arity > manifest_arity -- And the curent manifest arity isn't enough -- See Note [Eta expansion to manifes arity] = do { tick (EtaExpansion bndr) ; return (new_arity, etaExpand new_arity rhs) } | otherwise = return (manifest_arity, rhs) manifest_arity = manifestArity rhs old_arity = idArity bndr _dmd_arity = length $ fst $ splitStrictSig $ idStrictness bndr findArity :: Bool -> Id -> CoreExpr -> Arity -> Arity -- This implements the fixpoint loop for arity analysis -- See Note [Arity analysis] findArity dicts_cheap bndr rhs old_arity = go (exprEtaExpandArity (mk_cheap_fn dicts_cheap init_cheap_app) rhs) -- We always call exprEtaExpandArity once, but usually -- that produces a result equal to old_arity, and then -- we stop right away (since arities should not decrease) -- Result: the common case is that there is just one iteration where go :: Arity -> Arity go cur_arity | cur_arity <= old_arity = cur_arity | new_arity == cur_arity = cur_arity | otherwise = ASSERT( new_arity < cur_arity ) pprTrace "Exciting arity" (vcat [ ppr bndr <+> ppr cur_arity <+> ppr new_arity , ppr rhs]) go new_arity where new_arity = exprEtaExpandArity (mk_cheap_fn dicts_cheap cheap_app) rhs cheap_app :: CheapAppFun cheap_app fn n_val_args | fn == bndr = n_val_args < cur_arity | otherwise = isCheapApp fn n_val_args init_cheap_app :: CheapAppFun init_cheap_app fn n_val_args | fn == bndr = True | otherwise = isCheapApp fn n_val_args mk_cheap_fn :: Bool -> CheapAppFun -> CheapFun mk_cheap_fn dicts_cheap cheap_app | not dicts_cheap = \e _ -> exprIsCheap' cheap_app e | otherwise = \e mb_ty -> exprIsCheap' cheap_app e || case mb_ty of Nothing -> False Just ty -> isDictLikeTy ty -- If the experimental -fdicts-cheap flag is on, we eta-expand through -- dictionary bindings. This improves arities. Thereby, it also -- means that full laziness is less prone to floating out the -- application of a function to its dictionary arguments, which -- can thereby lose opportunities for fusion. Example: -- foo :: Ord a => a -> ... -- foo = /\a \(d:Ord a). let d' = ...d... in \(x:a). .... -- -- So foo has arity 1 -- -- f = \x. foo dInt $ bar x -- -- The (foo DInt) is floated out, and makes ineffective a RULE -- foo (bar x) = ... -- -- One could go further and make exprIsCheap reply True to any -- dictionary-typed expression, but that's more work. -- -- See Note [Dictionary-like types] in TcType.lhs for why we use -- isDictLikeTy here rather than isDictTy\end{code} Note [Eta-expanding at let bindings] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We now eta expand at let-bindings, which is where the payoff comes. One useful consequence is this example: genMap :: C a => ... {-# INLINE genMap #-} genMap f xs = ... myMap :: D a => ... {-# INLINE myMap #-} myMap = genMap Notice that 'genMap' should only inline if applied to two arguments. In the InlineRule for myMap we'll have the unfolding (\d -> genMap Int (..d..)) We do not want to eta-expand to (\d f xs -> genMap Int (..d..) f xs) because then 'genMap' will inline, and it really shouldn't: at least as far as the programmer is concerned, it's not applied to two arguments! Note [Eta expansion to manifest arity] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Eta expansion does *not* eta-expand trivial RHSs, like x = y because these will get substituted out in short order. (Indeed we *eta-contract* if that yields a trivial RHS.) Otherwise we eta-expand to produce enough manifest lambdas. This *does* eta-expand partial applications. eg x = map g --> x = \v -> map g v y = \_ -> map g --> y = \_ v -> map g v One benefit this is that in the definition of y there was a danger that full laziness would transform to lvl = map g y = \_ -> lvl which is stupid. This doesn't happen in the eta-expanded form. Note [Arity analysis] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The motivating example for arity analysis is this: f = \x. let g = f (x+1) in \y. ...g... What arity does f have? Really it should have arity 2, but a naive look at the RHS won't see that. You need a fixpoint analysis which says it has arity "infinity" the first time round. This example happens a lot; it first showed up in Andy Gill's thesis, fifteen years ago! It also shows up in the code for 'rnf' on lists in Trac #4138. The analysis is easy to achieve because exprEtaExpandArity takes an argument type CheapFun = CoreExpr -> Maybe Type -> Bool used to decide if an expression is cheap enough to push inside a lambda. And exprIsCheap' in turn takes an argument type CheapAppFun = Id -> Int -> Bool which tells when an application is cheap. This makes it easy to write the analysis loop. The analysis is cheap-and-cheerful because it doesn't deal with mutual recursion. But the self-recursive case is the important one. %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection{Floating lets out of big lambdas} %* * %************************************************************************ Note [Floating and type abstraction] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider this: x = /\a. C e1 e2 We'd like to float this to y1 = /\a. e1 y2 = /\a. e2 x = /\a. C (y1 a) (y2 a) for the usual reasons: we want to inline x rather vigorously. You may think that this kind of thing is rare. But in some programs it is common. For example, if you do closure conversion you might get: data a :-> b = forall e. (e -> a -> b) :$ e f_cc :: forall a. a :-> a f_cc = /\a. (\e. id a) :$ () Now we really want to inline that f_cc thing so that the construction of the closure goes away. So I have elaborated simplLazyBind to understand right-hand sides that look like /\ a1..an. body and treat them specially. The real work is done in SimplUtils.abstractFloats, but there is quite a bit of plumbing in simplLazyBind as well. The same transformation is good when there are lets in the body: /\abc -> let(rec) x = e in b ==> let(rec) x' = /\abc -> let x = x' a b c in e in /\abc -> let x = x' a b c in b This is good because it can turn things like: let f = /\a -> letrec g = ... g ... in g into letrec g' = /\a -> ... g' a ... in let f = /\ a -> g' a which is better. In effect, it means that big lambdas don't impede let-floating. This optimisation is CRUCIAL in eliminating the junk introduced by desugaring mutually recursive definitions. Don't eliminate it lightly! [May 1999] If we do this transformation *regardless* then we can end up with some pretty silly stuff. For example, let st = /\ s -> let { x1=r1 ; x2=r2 } in ... in .. becomes let y1 = /\s -> r1 y2 = /\s -> r2 st = /\s -> ...[y1 s/x1, y2 s/x2] in .. Unless the "..." is a WHNF there is really no point in doing this. Indeed it can make things worse. Suppose x1 is used strictly, and is of the form x1* = case f y of { (a,b) -> e } If we abstract this wrt the tyvar we then can't do the case inline as we would normally do. That's why the whole transformation is part of the same process that floats let-bindings and constructor arguments out of RHSs. In particular, it is guarded by the doFloatFromRhs call in simplLazyBind. \begin{code}
abstractFloats :: [OutTyVar] -> SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplM ([OutBind], OutExpr) abstractFloats main_tvs body_env body = ASSERT( notNull body_floats ) do { (subst, float_binds) <- mapAccumLM abstract empty_subst body_floats ; return (float_binds, CoreSubst.substExpr (text "abstract_floats1") subst body) } where main_tv_set = mkVarSet main_tvs body_floats = getFloats body_env empty_subst = CoreSubst.mkEmptySubst (seInScope body_env) abstract :: CoreSubst.Subst -> OutBind -> SimplM (CoreSubst.Subst, OutBind) abstract subst (NonRec id rhs) = do { (poly_id, poly_app) <- mk_poly tvs_here id ; let poly_rhs = mkLams tvs_here rhs' subst' = CoreSubst.extendIdSubst subst id poly_app ; return (subst', (NonRec poly_id poly_rhs)) } where rhs' = CoreSubst.substExpr (text "abstract_floats2") subst rhs tvs_here = varSetElems (main_tv_set `intersectVarSet` exprSomeFreeVars isTyVar rhs') -- Abstract only over the type variables free in the rhs -- wrt which the new binding is abstracted. But the naive -- approach of abstract wrt the tyvars free in the Id's type -- fails. Consider: -- /\ a b -> let t :: (a,b) = (e1, e2) -- x :: a = fst t -- in ... -- Here, b isn't free in x's type, but we must nevertheless -- abstract wrt b as well, because t's type mentions b. -- Since t is floated too, we'd end up with the bogus: -- poly_t = /\ a b -> (e1, e2) -- poly_x = /\ a -> fst (poly_t a *b*) -- So for now we adopt the even more naive approach of -- abstracting wrt *all* the tyvars. We'll see if that -- gives rise to problems. SLPJ June 98 abstract subst (Rec prs) = do { (poly_ids, poly_apps) <- mapAndUnzipM (mk_poly tvs_here) ids ; let subst' = CoreSubst.extendSubstList subst (ids `zip` poly_apps) poly_rhss = [mkLams tvs_here (CoreSubst.substExpr (text "abstract_floats3") subst' rhs) | rhs <- rhss] ; return (subst', Rec (poly_ids `zip` poly_rhss)) } where (ids,rhss) = unzip prs -- For a recursive group, it's a bit of a pain to work out the minimal -- set of tyvars over which to abstract: -- /\ a b c. let x = ...a... in -- letrec { p = ...x...q... -- q = .....p...b... } in -- ... -- Since 'x' is abstracted over 'a', the {p,q} group must be abstracted -- over 'a' (because x is replaced by (poly_x a)) as well as 'b'. -- Since it's a pain, we just use the whole set, which is always safe -- -- If you ever want to be more selective, remember this bizarre case too: -- x::a = x -- Here, we must abstract 'x' over 'a'. tvs_here = main_tvs mk_poly tvs_here var = do { uniq <- getUniqueM ; let poly_name = setNameUnique (idName var) uniq -- Keep same name poly_ty = mkForAllTys tvs_here (idType var) -- But new type of course poly_id = transferPolyIdInfo var tvs_here $ -- Note [transferPolyIdInfo] in Id.lhs mkLocalId poly_name poly_ty ; return (poly_id, mkTyApps (Var poly_id) (mkTyVarTys tvs_here)) } -- In the olden days, it was crucial to copy the occInfo of the original var, -- because we were looking at occurrence-analysed but as yet unsimplified code! -- In particular, we mustn't lose the loop breakers. BUT NOW we are looking -- at already simplified code, so it doesn't matter -- -- It's even right to retain single-occurrence or dead-var info: -- Suppose we started with /\a -> let x = E in B -- where x occurs once in B. Then we transform to: -- let x' = /\a -> E in /\a -> let x* = x' a in B -- where x* has an INLINE prag on it. Now, once x* is inlined, -- the occurrences of x' will be just the occurrences originally -- pinned on x.\end{code} Note [Abstract over coercions] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If a coercion variable (g :: a ~ Int) is free in the RHS, then so is the type variable a. Rather than sort this mess out, we simply bale out and abstract wrt all the type variables if any of them are coercion variables. Historical note: if you use let-bindings instead of a substitution, beware of this: -- Suppose we start with: -- -- x = /\ a -> let g = G in E -- -- Then we'll float to get -- -- x = let poly_g = /\ a -> G -- in /\ a -> let g = poly_g a in E -- -- But now the occurrence analyser will see just one occurrence -- of poly_g, not inside a lambda, so the simplifier will -- PreInlineUnconditionally poly_g back into g! Badk to square 1! -- (I used to think that the "don't inline lone occurrences" stuff -- would stop this happening, but since it's the *only* occurrence, -- PreInlineUnconditionally kicks in first!) -- -- Solution: put an INLINE note on g's RHS, so that poly_g seems -- to appear many times. (NB: mkInlineMe eliminates -- such notes on trivial RHSs, so do it manually.) %************************************************************************ %* * prepareAlts %* * %************************************************************************ prepareAlts tries these things: 1. Eliminate alternatives that cannot match, including the DEFAULT alternative. 2. If the DEFAULT alternative can match only one possible constructor, then make that constructor explicit. e.g. case e of x { DEFAULT -> rhs } ===> case e of x { (a,b) -> rhs } where the type is a single constructor type. This gives better code when rhs also scrutinises x or e. 3. Returns a list of the constructors that cannot holds in the DEFAULT alternative (if there is one) Here "cannot match" includes knowledge from GADTs It's a good idea do do this stuff before simplifying the alternatives, to avoid simplifying alternatives we know can't happen, and to come up with the list of constructors that are handled, to put into the IdInfo of the case binder, for use when simplifying the alternatives. Eliminating the default alternative in (1) isn't so obvious, but it can happen: data Colour = Red | Green | Blue f x = case x of Red -> .. Green -> .. DEFAULT -> h x h y = case y of Blue -> .. DEFAULT -> [ case y of ... ] If we inline h into f, the default case of the inlined h can't happen. If we don't notice this, we may end up filtering out *all* the cases of the inner case y, which give us nowhere to go! \begin{code}
prepareAlts :: OutExpr -> OutId -> [InAlt] -> SimplM ([AltCon], [InAlt]) prepareAlts scrut case_bndr' alts = do { let (alts_wo_default, maybe_deflt) = findDefault alts alt_cons = [con | (con,_,_) <- alts_wo_default] imposs_deflt_cons = nub (imposs_cons ++ alt_cons) -- "imposs_deflt_cons" are handled -- EITHER by the context, -- OR by a non-DEFAULT branch in this case expression. ; default_alts <- prepareDefault case_bndr' mb_tc_app imposs_deflt_cons maybe_deflt ; let trimmed_alts = filterOut impossible_alt alts_wo_default merged_alts = mergeAlts trimmed_alts default_alts -- We need the mergeAlts in case the new default_alt -- has turned into a constructor alternative. -- The merge keeps the inner DEFAULT at the front, if there is one -- and interleaves the alternatives in the right order ; return (imposs_deflt_cons, merged_alts) } where mb_tc_app = splitTyConApp_maybe (idType case_bndr') Just (_, inst_tys) = mb_tc_app imposs_cons = case scrut of Var v -> otherCons (idUnfolding v) _ -> [] impossible_alt :: CoreAlt -> Bool impossible_alt (con, _, _) | con `elem` imposs_cons = True impossible_alt (DataAlt con, _, _) = dataConCannotMatch inst_tys con impossible_alt _ = False prepareDefault :: OutId -- Case binder; need just for its type. Note that as an -- OutId, it has maximum information; this is important. -- Test simpl013 is an example -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type]) -- Type of scrutinee, decomposed -> [AltCon] -- These cons can't happen when matching the default -> Maybe InExpr -- Rhs -> SimplM [InAlt] -- Still unsimplified -- We use a list because it's what mergeAlts expects, --------- Fill in known constructor ----------- prepareDefault case_bndr (Just (tycon, inst_tys)) imposs_cons (Just deflt_rhs) | -- This branch handles the case where we are -- scrutinisng an algebraic data type isAlgTyCon tycon -- It's a data type, tuple, or unboxed tuples. , not (isNewTyCon tycon) -- We can have a newtype, if we are just doing an eval: -- case x of { DEFAULT -> e } -- and we don't want to fill in a default for them! , Just all_cons <- tyConDataCons_maybe tycon , not (null all_cons) -- This is a tricky corner case. If the data type has no constructors, -- which GHC allows, then the case expression will have at most a default -- alternative. We don't want to eliminate that alternative, because the -- invariant is that there's always one alternative. It's more convenient -- to leave -- case x of { DEFAULT -> e } -- as it is, rather than transform it to -- error "case cant match" -- which would be quite legitmate. But it's a really obscure corner, and -- not worth wasting code on. , let imposs_data_cons = [con | DataAlt con <- imposs_cons] -- We now know it's a data type impossible con = con `elem` imposs_data_cons || dataConCannotMatch inst_tys con = case filterOut impossible all_cons of [] -> return [] -- Eliminate the default alternative -- altogether if it can't match [con] -> -- It matches exactly one constructor, so fill it in do { tick (FillInCaseDefault case_bndr) ; us <- getUniquesM ; let (ex_tvs, arg_ids) = dataConRepInstPat us con inst_tys ; return [(DataAlt con, ex_tvs ++ arg_ids, deflt_rhs)] } _ -> return [(DEFAULT, [], deflt_rhs)] | debugIsOn, isAlgTyCon tycon , null (tyConDataCons tycon) , not (isFamilyTyCon tycon || isAbstractTyCon tycon) -- Check for no data constructors -- This can legitimately happen for abstract types and type families, -- so don't report that = pprTrace "prepareDefault" (ppr case_bndr <+> ppr tycon) $ return [(DEFAULT, [], deflt_rhs)] --------- Catch-all cases ----------- prepareDefault _case_bndr _bndr_ty _imposs_cons (Just deflt_rhs) = return [(DEFAULT, [], deflt_rhs)] prepareDefault _case_bndr _bndr_ty _imposs_cons Nothing = return [] -- No default branch\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * mkCase %* * %************************************************************************ mkCase tries these things 1. Merge Nested Cases case e of b { ==> case e of b { p1 -> rhs1 p1 -> rhs1 ... ... pm -> rhsm pm -> rhsm _ -> case b of b' { pn -> let b'=b in rhsn pn -> rhsn ... ... po -> let b'=b in rhso po -> rhso _ -> let b'=b in rhsd _ -> rhsd } which merges two cases in one case when -- the default alternative of the outer case scrutises the same variable as the outer case. This transformation is called Case Merging. It avoids that the same variable is scrutinised multiple times. 2. Eliminate Identity Case case e of ===> e True -> True; False -> False and similar friends. 3. Merge identical alternatives. If several alternatives are identical, merge them into a single DEFAULT alternative. I've occasionally seen this making a big difference: case e of =====> case e of C _ -> f x D v -> ....v.... D v -> ....v.... DEFAULT -> f x DEFAULT -> f x The point is that we merge common RHSs, at least for the DEFAULT case. [One could do something more elaborate but I've never seen it needed.] To avoid an expensive test, we just merge branches equal to the *first* alternative; this picks up the common cases a) all branches equal b) some branches equal to the DEFAULT (which occurs first) The case where Merge Identical Alternatives transformation showed up was like this (base/Foreign/C/Err/Error.lhs): x | p `is` 1 -> e1 | p `is` 2 -> e2 ...etc... where @is@ was something like p `is` n = p /= (-1) && p == n This gave rise to a horrible sequence of cases case p of (-1) -> $j p 1 -> e1 DEFAULT -> $j p and similarly in cascade for all the join points! \begin{code}
mkCase, mkCase1, mkCase2 :: DynFlags -> OutExpr -> OutId -> [OutAlt] -- Alternatives in standard (increasing) order -> SimplM OutExpr -------------------------------------------------- -- 1. Merge Nested Cases -------------------------------------------------- mkCase dflags scrut outer_bndr ((DEFAULT, _, deflt_rhs) : outer_alts) | dopt Opt_CaseMerge dflags , Case (Var inner_scrut_var) inner_bndr _ inner_alts <- deflt_rhs , inner_scrut_var == outer_bndr = do { tick (CaseMerge outer_bndr) ; let wrap_alt (con, args, rhs) = ASSERT( outer_bndr `notElem` args ) (con, args, wrap_rhs rhs) -- Simplifier's no-shadowing invariant should ensure -- that outer_bndr is not shadowed by the inner patterns wrap_rhs rhs = Let (NonRec inner_bndr (Var outer_bndr)) rhs -- The let is OK even for unboxed binders, wrapped_alts | isDeadBinder inner_bndr = inner_alts | otherwise = map wrap_alt inner_alts merged_alts = mergeAlts outer_alts wrapped_alts -- NB: mergeAlts gives priority to the left -- case x of -- A -> e1 -- DEFAULT -> case x of -- A -> e2 -- B -> e3 -- When we merge, we must ensure that e1 takes -- precedence over e2 as the value for A! ; mkCase1 dflags scrut outer_bndr merged_alts } -- Warning: don't call mkCase recursively! -- Firstly, there's no point, because inner alts have already had -- mkCase applied to them, so they won't have a case in their default -- Secondly, if you do, you get an infinite loop, because the bindCaseBndr -- in munge_rhs may put a case into the DEFAULT branch! mkCase dflags scrut bndr alts = mkCase1 dflags scrut bndr alts -------------------------------------------------- -- 2. Eliminate Identity Case -------------------------------------------------- mkCase1 _dflags scrut case_bndr alts -- Identity case | all identity_alt alts = do { tick (CaseIdentity case_bndr) ; return (re_cast scrut) } where identity_alt (con, args, rhs) = check_eq con args (de_cast rhs) check_eq DEFAULT _ (Var v) = v == case_bndr check_eq (LitAlt lit') _ (Lit lit) = lit == lit' check_eq (DataAlt con) args rhs = rhs `cheapEqExpr` mkConApp con (arg_tys ++ varsToCoreExprs args) || rhs `cheapEqExpr` Var case_bndr check_eq _ _ _ = False arg_tys = map Type (tyConAppArgs (idType case_bndr)) -- We've seen this: -- case e of x { _ -> x `cast` c } -- And we definitely want to eliminate this case, to give -- e `cast` c -- So we throw away the cast from the RHS, and reconstruct -- it at the other end. All the RHS casts must be the same -- if (all identity_alt alts) holds. -- -- Don't worry about nested casts, because the simplifier combines them de_cast (Cast e _) = e de_cast e = e re_cast scrut = case head alts of (_,_,Cast _ co) -> Cast scrut co _ -> scrut -------------------------------------------------- -- 3. Merge Identical Alternatives -------------------------------------------------- mkCase1 dflags scrut case_bndr ((_con1,bndrs1,rhs1) : con_alts) | all isDeadBinder bndrs1 -- Remember the default , length filtered_alts < length con_alts -- alternative comes first -- Also Note [Dead binders] = do { tick (AltMerge case_bndr) ; mkCase2 dflags scrut case_bndr alts' } where alts' = (DEFAULT, [], rhs1) : filtered_alts filtered_alts = filter keep con_alts keep (_con,bndrs,rhs) = not (all isDeadBinder bndrs && rhs `cheapEqExpr` rhs1) mkCase1 dflags scrut bndr alts = mkCase2 dflags scrut bndr alts -------------------------------------------------- -- Catch-all -------------------------------------------------- mkCase2 _dflags scrut bndr alts = return (Case scrut bndr (coreAltsType alts) alts)\end{code} Note [Dead binders] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Note that dead-ness is maintained by the simplifier, so that it is accurate after simplification as well as before. Note [Cascading case merge] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Case merging should cascade in one sweep, because it happens bottom-up case e of a { DEFAULT -> case a of b DEFAULT -> case b of c { DEFAULT -> e A -> ea B -> eb C -> ec ==> case e of a { DEFAULT -> case a of b DEFAULT -> let c = b in e A -> let c = b in ea B -> eb C -> ec ==> case e of a { DEFAULT -> let b = a in let c = b in e A -> let b = a in let c = b in ea B -> let b = a in eb C -> ec However here's a tricky case that we still don't catch, and I don't see how to catch it in one pass: case x of c1 { I# a1 -> case a1 of c2 -> 0 -> ... DEFAULT -> case x of c3 { I# a2 -> case a2 of ... After occurrence analysis (and its binder-swap) we get this case x of c1 { I# a1 -> let x = c1 in -- Binder-swap addition case a1 of c2 -> 0 -> ... DEFAULT -> case x of c3 { I# a2 -> case a2 of ... When we simplify the inner case x, we'll see that x=c1=I# a1. So we'll bind a2 to a1, and get case x of c1 { I# a1 -> case a1 of c2 -> 0 -> ... DEFAULT -> case a1 of ... This is corect, but we can't do a case merge in this sweep because c2 /= a1. Reason: the binding c1=I# a1 went inwards without getting changed to c1=I# c2. I don't think this is worth fixing, even if I knew how. It'll all come out in the next pass anyway.