hsSyn/HsBinds.lhs

% % (c) The University of Glasgow 2006 % (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998 % \section[HsBinds]{Abstract syntax: top-level bindings and signatures} Datatype for: @BindGroup@, @Bind@, @Sig@, @Bind@. \begin{code}

{-# OPTIONS -fno-warn-tabs #-}
-- The above warning supression flag is a temporary kludge.
-- While working on this module you are encouraged to remove it and
-- detab the module (please do the detabbing in a separate patch). See
--     http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/Commentary/CodingStyle#TabsvsSpaces
-- for details

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}

module HsBinds where

import {-# SOURCE #-} HsExpr ( pprExpr, LHsExpr,
                               MatchGroup, pprFunBind,
                               GRHSs, pprPatBind )
import {-# SOURCE #-} HsPat  ( LPat )

import HsLit
import HsTypes
import PprCore ()
import CoreSyn
import TcEvidence
import Type
import Name
import NameSet
import BasicTypes
import Outputable	
import SrcLoc
import Util
import Var
import Bag
import FastString

import Data.Data hiding ( Fixity )
import Data.List ( intersect )

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection{Bindings: @BindGroup@} %* * %************************************************************************ Global bindings (where clauses) \begin{code}

-- During renaming, we need bindings where the left-hand sides
-- have been renamed but the the right-hand sides have not.
-- the ...LR datatypes are parametrized by two id types,
-- one for the left and one for the right.
-- Other than during renaming, these will be the same.

type HsLocalBinds id = HsLocalBindsLR id id

data HsLocalBindsLR idL idR    -- Bindings in a 'let' expression
                               -- or a 'where' clause
  = HsValBinds (HsValBindsLR idL idR)
  | HsIPBinds  (HsIPBinds idR)
  | EmptyLocalBinds
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

type HsValBinds id = HsValBindsLR id id

data HsValBindsLR idL idR  -- Value bindings (not implicit parameters)
  = ValBindsIn             -- Before renaming RHS; idR is always RdrName
        (LHsBindsLR idL idR) [LSig idR] -- Not dependency analysed
                                        -- Recursive by default

  | ValBindsOut            -- After renaming RHS; idR can be Name or Id
        [(RecFlag, LHsBinds idL)]       -- Dependency analysed, later bindings
                                        -- in the list may depend on earlier
                                        -- ones.
        [LSig Name]
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

type LHsBind  id = LHsBindLR  id id
type LHsBinds id = LHsBindsLR id id
type HsBind   id = HsBindLR   id id

type LHsBindsLR idL idR = Bag (LHsBindLR idL idR)
type LHsBindLR  idL idR = Located (HsBindLR idL idR)

data HsBindLR idL idR
  = -- | FunBind is used for both functions   @f x = e@
    -- and variables                          @f = \x -> e@
    --
    -- Reason 1: Special case for type inference: see 'TcBinds.tcMonoBinds'.
    --
    -- Reason 2: Instance decls can only have FunBinds, which is convenient.
    --           If you change this, you'll need to change e.g. rnMethodBinds
    --
    -- But note that the form                 @f :: a->a = ...@
    -- parses as a pattern binding, just like
    --                                        @(f :: a -> a) = ... @
    FunBind {

        fun_id :: Located idL,

        fun_infix :: Bool,      -- ^ True => infix declaration

        fun_matches :: MatchGroup idR,  -- ^ The payload

        fun_co_fn :: HsWrapper, -- ^ Coercion from the type of the MatchGroup to the type of
                                -- the Id.  Example:
                                -- @
                                --      f :: Int -> forall a. a -> a
                                --      f x y = y
                                -- @
                                -- Then the MatchGroup will have type (Int -> a' -> a')
                                -- (with a free type variable a').  The coercion will take
                                -- a CoreExpr of this type and convert it to a CoreExpr of
                                -- type         Int -> forall a'. a' -> a'
                                -- Notice that the coercion captures the free a'.

        bind_fvs :: NameSet,    -- ^ After the renamer, this contains the locally-bound
                                -- free variables of this defn.
                                -- See Note [Bind free vars]


        fun_tick :: Maybe (Tickish Id)  -- ^ Tick to put on the rhs, if any
    }

  | PatBind {   -- The pattern is never a simple variable;
                -- That case is done by FunBind
        pat_lhs    :: LPat idL,
        pat_rhs    :: GRHSs idR,
        pat_rhs_ty :: PostTcType,       -- Type of the GRHSs
        bind_fvs   :: NameSet,          -- See Note [Bind free vars]
        pat_ticks  :: (Maybe (Tickish Id), [Maybe (Tickish Id)])
               -- ^ Tick to put on the rhs, if any, and ticks to put on
               -- the bound variables.
    }

  | VarBind {   -- Dictionary binding and suchlike
        var_id     :: idL,           -- All VarBinds are introduced by the type checker
        var_rhs    :: LHsExpr idR,   -- Located only for consistency
        var_inline :: Bool           -- True <=> inline this binding regardless
                                     -- (used for implication constraints only)
    }

  | AbsBinds {                          -- Binds abstraction; TRANSLATION
        abs_tvs     :: [TyVar],
        abs_ev_vars :: [EvVar],  -- Includes equality constraints

       -- AbsBinds only gets used when idL = idR after renaming,
       -- but these need to be idL's for the collect... code in HsUtil
       -- to have the right type
        abs_exports :: [ABExport idL],

        abs_ev_binds :: TcEvBinds,     -- Evidence bindings
        abs_binds    :: LHsBinds idL   -- Typechecked user bindings
    }

  deriving (Data, Typeable)
        -- Consider (AbsBinds tvs ds [(ftvs, poly_f, mono_f) binds]
        --
        -- Creates bindings for (polymorphic, overloaded) poly_f
        -- in terms of monomorphic, non-overloaded mono_f
        --
        -- Invariants:
        --      1. 'binds' binds mono_f
        --      2. ftvs is a subset of tvs
        --      3. ftvs includes all tyvars free in ds
        --
        -- See section 9 of static semantics paper for more details.
        -- (You can get a PhD for explaining the True Meaning
        --  of this last construct.)

data ABExport id
  = ABE { abe_poly  :: id
        , abe_mono  :: id
        , abe_wrap  :: HsWrapper  -- See Note [AbsBinds wrappers]
             -- Shape: (forall abs_tvs. abs_ev_vars => abe_mono) ~ abe_poly
        , abe_prags :: TcSpecPrags }
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

placeHolderNames :: NameSet
-- Used for the NameSet in FunBind and PatBind prior to the renamer
placeHolderNames = panic "placeHolderNames"

\end{code} Note [AbsBinds wrappers] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consdider (f,g) = (\x.x, \y.y) This ultimately desugars to something like this: tup :: forall a b. (a->a, b->b) tup = /\a b. (\x:a.x, \y:b.y) f :: forall a. a -> a f = /\a. case tup a Any of (fm::a->a,gm:Any->Any) -> fm ...similarly for g... The abe_wrap field deals with impedence-matching between (/\a b. case tup a b of { (f,g) -> f }) and the thing we really want, which may have fewer type variables. The action happens in TcBinds.mkExport. Note [Bind free vars] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The bind_fvs field of FunBind and PatBind records the free variables of the definition. It is used for two purposes a) Dependency analysis prior to type checking (see TcBinds.tc_group) b) Deciding whether we can do generalisation of the binding (see TcBinds.decideGeneralisationPlan) Specifically, * bind_fvs includes all free vars that are defined in this module (including top-level things and lexically scoped type variables) * bind_fvs excludes imported vars; this is just to keep the set smaller * Before renaming, and after typechecking, the field is unused; it's just an error thunk \begin{code}

instance (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR) => Outputable (HsLocalBindsLR idL idR) where
  ppr (HsValBinds bs) = ppr bs
  ppr (HsIPBinds bs)  = ppr bs
  ppr EmptyLocalBinds = empty

instance (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR) => Outputable (HsValBindsLR idL idR) where
  ppr (ValBindsIn binds sigs)
   = pprDeclList (pprLHsBindsForUser binds sigs)

  ppr (ValBindsOut sccs sigs)
    = getPprStyle $ \ sty ->
      if debugStyle sty then    -- Print with sccs showing
        vcat (map ppr sigs) $$ vcat (map ppr_scc sccs)
     else
        pprDeclList (pprLHsBindsForUser (unionManyBags (map snd sccs)) sigs)
   where
     ppr_scc (rec_flag, binds) = pp_rec rec_flag <+> pprLHsBinds binds
     pp_rec Recursive    = ptext (sLit "rec")
     pp_rec NonRecursive = ptext (sLit "nonrec")

pprLHsBinds :: (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR) => LHsBindsLR idL idR -> SDoc
pprLHsBinds binds
  | isEmptyLHsBinds binds = empty
  | otherwise = pprDeclList (map ppr (bagToList binds))

pprLHsBindsForUser :: (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR, OutputableBndr id2)
                   => LHsBindsLR idL idR -> [LSig id2] -> [SDoc]
--  pprLHsBindsForUser is different to pprLHsBinds because
--  a) No braces: 'let' and 'where' include a list of HsBindGroups
--     and we don't want several groups of bindings each
--     with braces around
--  b) Sort by location before printing
--  c) Include signatures
pprLHsBindsForUser binds sigs
  = map snd (sort_by_loc decls)
  where

    decls :: [(SrcSpan, SDoc)]
    decls = [(loc, ppr sig)  | L loc sig <- sigs] ++
            [(loc, ppr bind) | L loc bind <- bagToList binds]

    sort_by_loc decls = sortLe (\(l1,_) (l2,_) -> l1 <= l2) decls

pprDeclList :: [SDoc] -> SDoc   -- Braces with a space
-- Print a bunch of declarations
-- One could choose  { d1; d2; ... }, using 'sep'
-- or      d1
--         d2
--         ..
--    using vcat
-- At the moment we chose the latter
-- Also we do the 'pprDeeperList' thing.
pprDeclList ds = pprDeeperList vcat ds

------------
emptyLocalBinds :: HsLocalBindsLR a b
emptyLocalBinds = EmptyLocalBinds

isEmptyLocalBinds :: HsLocalBindsLR a b -> Bool
isEmptyLocalBinds (HsValBinds ds) = isEmptyValBinds ds
isEmptyLocalBinds (HsIPBinds ds)  = isEmptyIPBinds ds
isEmptyLocalBinds EmptyLocalBinds = True

isEmptyValBinds :: HsValBindsLR a b -> Bool
isEmptyValBinds (ValBindsIn ds sigs)  = isEmptyLHsBinds ds && null sigs
isEmptyValBinds (ValBindsOut ds sigs) = null ds && null sigs

emptyValBindsIn, emptyValBindsOut :: HsValBindsLR a b
emptyValBindsIn  = ValBindsIn emptyBag []
emptyValBindsOut = ValBindsOut []      []

emptyLHsBinds :: LHsBindsLR idL idR
emptyLHsBinds = emptyBag

isEmptyLHsBinds :: LHsBindsLR idL idR -> Bool
isEmptyLHsBinds = isEmptyBag

------------
plusHsValBinds :: HsValBinds a -> HsValBinds a -> HsValBinds a
plusHsValBinds (ValBindsIn ds1 sigs1) (ValBindsIn ds2 sigs2)
  = ValBindsIn (ds1 `unionBags` ds2) (sigs1 ++ sigs2)
plusHsValBinds (ValBindsOut ds1 sigs1) (ValBindsOut ds2 sigs2)
  = ValBindsOut (ds1 ++ ds2) (sigs1 ++ sigs2)
plusHsValBinds _ _
  = panic "HsBinds.plusHsValBinds"

getTypeSigNames :: HsValBinds a -> NameSet
-- Get the names that have a user type sig
getTypeSigNames (ValBindsOut _ sigs)
  = mkNameSet [unLoc n | L _ (TypeSig names _) <- sigs, n <- names]
getTypeSigNames _
  = panic "HsBinds.getTypeSigNames"

\end{code} What AbsBinds means ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AbsBinds tvs [d1,d2] [(tvs1, f1p, f1m), (tvs2, f2p, f2m)] BIND means f1p = /\ tvs -> \ [d1,d2] -> letrec DBINDS and BIND in fm gp = ...same again, with gm instead of fm This is a pretty bad translation, because it duplicates all the bindings. So the desugarer tries to do a better job: fp = /\ [a,b] -> \ [d1,d2] -> case tp [a,b] [d1,d2] of (fm,gm) -> fm ..ditto for gp.. tp = /\ [a,b] -> \ [d1,d2] -> letrec DBINDS and BIND in (fm,gm) \begin{code}

instance (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR) => Outputable (HsBindLR idL idR) where
    ppr mbind = ppr_monobind mbind

ppr_monobind :: (OutputableBndr idL, OutputableBndr idR) => HsBindLR idL idR -> SDoc

ppr_monobind (PatBind { pat_lhs = pat, pat_rhs = grhss })
  = pprPatBind pat grhss
ppr_monobind (VarBind { var_id = var, var_rhs = rhs })
  = sep [pprBndr CaseBind var, nest 2 $ equals <+> pprExpr (unLoc rhs)]
ppr_monobind (FunBind { fun_id = fun, fun_infix = inf,
                        fun_co_fn = wrap,
                        fun_matches = matches,
                        fun_tick = tick })
  = pprTicks empty (case tick of
                        Nothing -> empty
                        Just t  -> text "-- tick id = " <> ppr t)
    $$  ifPprDebug (pprBndr LetBind (unLoc fun))
    $$  pprFunBind (unLoc fun) inf matches
    $$  ifPprDebug (ppr wrap)

ppr_monobind (AbsBinds { abs_tvs = tyvars, abs_ev_vars = dictvars
                       , abs_exports = exports, abs_binds = val_binds
                       , abs_ev_binds = ev_binds })
  = sep [ptext (sLit "AbsBinds"),
         brackets (interpp'SP tyvars),
         brackets (interpp'SP dictvars),
         brackets (sep (punctuate comma (map ppr exports)))]
    $$
    nest 2 ( vcat [pprBndr LetBind (abe_poly ex) | ex <- exports]
                        -- Print type signatures
             $$ pprLHsBinds val_binds )
    $$
    ifPprDebug (ppr ev_binds)

instance (OutputableBndr id) => Outputable (ABExport id) where
  ppr (ABE { abe_wrap = wrap, abe_poly = gbl, abe_mono = lcl, abe_prags = prags })
    = vcat [ ppr gbl <+> ptext (sLit "<=") <+> ppr lcl
           , nest 2 (pprTcSpecPrags prags)
           , nest 2 (ppr wrap)]

\end{code} \begin{code}

pprTicks :: SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc
-- Print stuff about ticks only when -dppr-debug is on, to avoid
-- them appearing in error messages (from the desugarer); see Trac # 3263
-- Also print ticks in dumpStyle, so that -ddump-hpc actually does
-- something useful.
pprTicks pp_no_debug pp_when_debug
  = getPprStyle (\ sty -> if debugStyle sty || dumpStyle sty
                             then pp_when_debug
                             else pp_no_debug)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Implicit parameter bindings %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

data HsIPBinds id
  = IPBinds
        [LIPBind id]
        TcEvBinds       -- Only in typechecker output; binds
                        -- uses of the implicit parameters
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

isEmptyIPBinds :: HsIPBinds id -> Bool
isEmptyIPBinds (IPBinds is ds) = null is && isEmptyTcEvBinds ds

type LIPBind id = Located (IPBind id)

-- | Implicit parameter bindings.
data IPBind id
  = IPBind
        (IPName id)
        (LHsExpr id)
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

instance (OutputableBndr id) => Outputable (HsIPBinds id) where
  ppr (IPBinds bs ds) = pprDeeperList vcat (map ppr bs)
                        $$ ifPprDebug (ppr ds)

instance (OutputableBndr id) => Outputable (IPBind id) where
  ppr (IPBind id rhs) = pprBndr LetBind id <+> equals <+> pprExpr (unLoc rhs)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection{@Sig@: type signatures and value-modifying user pragmas} %* * %************************************************************************ It is convenient to lump ``value-modifying'' user-pragmas (e.g., ``specialise this function to these four types...'') in with type signatures. Then all the machinery to move them into place, etc., serves for both. \begin{code}

type LSig name = Located (Sig name)

data Sig name   -- Signatures and pragmas
  =     -- An ordinary type signature
        -- f :: Num a => a -> a
    TypeSig [Located name] (LHsType name)

        -- A type signature for a default method inside a class
        -- default eq :: (Representable0 a, GEq (Rep0 a)) => a -> a -> Bool
  | GenericSig [Located name] (LHsType name)

        -- A type signature in generated code, notably the code
        -- generated for record selectors.  We simply record
        -- the desired Id itself, replete with its name, type
        -- and IdDetails.  Otherwise it's just like a type
        -- signature: there should be an accompanying binding
  | IdSig Id

        -- An ordinary fixity declaration
        --      infixl *** 8
  | FixSig (FixitySig name)

        -- An inline pragma
        -- {#- INLINE f #-}
  | InlineSig   (Located name)  -- Function name
                InlinePragma    -- Never defaultInlinePragma

        -- A specialisation pragma
        -- {-# SPECIALISE f :: Int -> Int #-}
  | SpecSig     (Located name)  -- Specialise a function or datatype ...
                (LHsType name)  -- ... to these types
                InlinePragma    -- The pragma on SPECIALISE_INLINE form
                                -- If it's just defaultInlinePragma, then we said
                                --    SPECIALISE, not SPECIALISE_INLINE

        -- A specialisation pragma for instance declarations only
        -- {-# SPECIALISE instance Eq [Int] #-}
  | SpecInstSig (LHsType name)  -- (Class tys); should be a specialisation of the
                                -- current instance decl
  deriving (Data, Typeable)


type LFixitySig name = Located (FixitySig name)
data FixitySig name = FixitySig (Located name) Fixity
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

-- TsSpecPrags conveys pragmas from the type checker to the desugarer
data TcSpecPrags
  = IsDefaultMethod     -- Super-specialised: a default method should
                        -- be macro-expanded at every call site
  | SpecPrags [LTcSpecPrag]
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

type LTcSpecPrag = Located TcSpecPrag

data TcSpecPrag
  = SpecPrag
        Id              -- The Id to be specialised
        HsWrapper       -- An wrapper, that specialises the polymorphic function
        InlinePragma    -- Inlining spec for the specialised function
  deriving (Data, Typeable)

noSpecPrags :: TcSpecPrags
noSpecPrags = SpecPrags []

hasSpecPrags :: TcSpecPrags -> Bool
hasSpecPrags (SpecPrags ps) = not (null ps)
hasSpecPrags IsDefaultMethod = False

isDefaultMethod :: TcSpecPrags -> Bool
isDefaultMethod IsDefaultMethod = True
isDefaultMethod (SpecPrags {})  = False

\end{code} \begin{code}

isFixityLSig :: LSig name -> Bool
isFixityLSig (L _ (FixSig {})) = True
isFixityLSig _                 = False

isVanillaLSig :: LSig name -> Bool       -- User type signatures
-- A badly-named function, but it's part of the GHCi (used
-- by Haddock) so I don't want to change it gratuitously.
isVanillaLSig (L _(TypeSig {})) = True
isVanillaLSig _                 = False

isTypeLSig :: LSig name -> Bool  -- Type signatures
isTypeLSig (L _(TypeSig {}))    = True
isTypeLSig (L _(GenericSig {})) = True
isTypeLSig (L _(IdSig {}))      = True
isTypeLSig _                    = False

isSpecLSig :: LSig name -> Bool
isSpecLSig (L _(SpecSig {})) = True
isSpecLSig _                 = False

isSpecInstLSig :: LSig name -> Bool
isSpecInstLSig (L _ (SpecInstSig {})) = True
isSpecInstLSig _                      = False

isPragLSig :: LSig name -> Bool
-- Identifies pragmas
isPragLSig (L _ (SpecSig {}))   = True
isPragLSig (L _ (InlineSig {})) = True
isPragLSig _                    = False

isInlineLSig :: LSig name -> Bool
-- Identifies inline pragmas
isInlineLSig (L _ (InlineSig {})) = True
isInlineLSig _                    = False

hsSigDoc :: Sig name -> SDoc
hsSigDoc (TypeSig {})           = ptext (sLit "type signature")
hsSigDoc (GenericSig {})        = ptext (sLit "default type signature")
hsSigDoc (IdSig {})             = ptext (sLit "id signature")
hsSigDoc (SpecSig {})           = ptext (sLit "SPECIALISE pragma")
hsSigDoc (InlineSig {})         = ptext (sLit "INLINE pragma")
hsSigDoc (SpecInstSig {})       = ptext (sLit "SPECIALISE instance pragma")
hsSigDoc (FixSig {})            = ptext (sLit "fixity declaration")

\end{code} Check if signatures overlap; this is used when checking for duplicate signatures. Since some of the signatures contain a list of names, testing for equality is not enough -- we have to check if they overlap. \begin{code}

overlapHsSig :: Eq a => LSig a -> LSig a -> Bool
overlapHsSig sig1 sig2 = case (unLoc sig1, unLoc sig2) of
  (FixSig (FixitySig n1 _), FixSig (FixitySig n2 _)) -> unLoc n1 == unLoc n2
  (IdSig n1,                IdSig n2)                -> n1 == n2
  (TypeSig ns1 _,           TypeSig ns2 _)           -> ns1 `overlaps_with` ns2
  (GenericSig ns1 _,        GenericSig ns2 _)        -> ns1 `overlaps_with` ns2
  (InlineSig n1 _,          InlineSig n2 _)          -> unLoc n1 == unLoc n2
  -- For specialisations, we don't have equality over HsType, so it's not
  -- convenient to spot duplicate specialisations here.  Check for this later,
  -- when we're in Type land
  (_other1,                 _other2)                 -> False
  where
    ns1 `overlaps_with` ns2 = not (null (intersect (map unLoc ns1) (map unLoc ns2)))

\end{code} \begin{code}

instance (OutputableBndr name) => Outputable (Sig name) where
    ppr sig = ppr_sig sig

ppr_sig :: OutputableBndr name => Sig name -> SDoc
ppr_sig (TypeSig vars ty)         = pprVarSig (map unLoc vars) (ppr ty)
ppr_sig (GenericSig vars ty)      = ptext (sLit "default") <+> pprVarSig (map unLoc vars) (ppr ty)
ppr_sig (IdSig id)                = pprVarSig [id] (ppr (varType id))
ppr_sig (FixSig fix_sig)          = ppr fix_sig
ppr_sig (SpecSig var ty inl)      = pragBrackets (pprSpec var (ppr ty) inl)
ppr_sig (InlineSig var inl)       = pragBrackets (ppr inl <+> ppr var)
ppr_sig (SpecInstSig ty)          = pragBrackets (ptext (sLit "SPECIALIZE instance") <+> ppr ty)

instance Outputable name => Outputable (FixitySig name) where
  ppr (FixitySig name fixity) = sep [ppr fixity, ppr name]

pragBrackets :: SDoc -> SDoc
pragBrackets doc = ptext (sLit "{-#") <+> doc <+> ptext (sLit "#-}")

pprVarSig :: (Outputable id) => [id] -> SDoc -> SDoc
pprVarSig vars pp_ty = sep [pprvars <+> dcolon, nest 2 pp_ty]
  where
    pprvars = hsep $ punctuate comma (map ppr vars)

pprSpec :: (Outputable id) => id -> SDoc -> InlinePragma -> SDoc
pprSpec var pp_ty inl = ptext (sLit "SPECIALIZE") <+> pp_inl <+> pprVarSig [var] pp_ty
  where
    pp_inl | isDefaultInlinePragma inl = empty
           | otherwise = ppr inl

pprTcSpecPrags :: TcSpecPrags -> SDoc
pprTcSpecPrags IsDefaultMethod = ptext (sLit "<default method>")
pprTcSpecPrags (SpecPrags ps)  = vcat (map (ppr . unLoc) ps)

instance Outputable TcSpecPrag where
  ppr (SpecPrag var _ inl) = pprSpec var (ptext (sLit "<type>")) inl

\end{code}