    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
    {- |
    Module      :  Control.Monad.Except
    Copyright   :  (c) Michael Weber <michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de> 2001,
                   (c) Jeff Newbern 2003-2006,
                   (c) Andriy Palamarchuk 2006
    License     :  BSD-style (see the file LICENSE)

    Maintainer  :  libraries@haskell.org
    Stability   :  experimental
    Portability :  non-portable (multi-parameter type classes)

    [Computation type:] Computations which may fail or throw exceptions.

    [Binding strategy:] Failure records information about the cause\/location
    of the failure. Failure values bypass the bound function,
    other values are used as inputs to the bound function.

    [Useful for:] Building computations from sequences of functions that may fail
    or using exception handling to structure error handling.

    [Example type:] @'Data.Either' String a@

    The Error monad (also called the Exception monad).
    -}

    {-
      Rendered by Michael Weber <mailto:michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de>,
      inspired by the Haskell Monad Template Library from
        Andy Gill (<http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~andy/>)
    -}
    module Control.Monad.Except
      (
        -- * Monads with error handling
        MonadError(..),
        -- * The ExceptT monad transformer
        ExceptT(ExceptT),
        Except,

        runExceptT,
        mapExceptT,
        withExceptT,
        runExcept,
        mapExcept,
        withExcept,

        module Control.Monad,
        module Control.Monad.Fix,
        module Control.Monad.Trans,
        -- * Example 1: Custom Error Data Type
        -- $customErrorExample

        -- * Example 2: Using ExceptT Monad Transformer
        -- $ExceptTExample
      ) where

    import Control.Monad.Error.Class
    import Control.Monad.Trans
    import Control.Monad.Trans.Except
      ( ExceptT(ExceptT), Except, except
      , runExcept, runExceptT
      , mapExcept, mapExceptT
      , withExcept, withExceptT
      )

    import Control.Monad
    import Control.Monad.Fix

    #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 707
    import Control.Monad.Instances ()
    #endif

    {- $customErrorExample
    Here is an example that demonstrates the use of a custom error data type with
    the 'throwError' and 'catchError' exception mechanism from 'MonadError'.
    The example throws an exception if the user enters an empty string
    or a string longer than 5 characters. Otherwise it prints length of the string.

    >-- This is the type to represent length calculation error.
    >data LengthError = EmptyString  -- Entered string was empty.
    >          | StringTooLong Int   -- A string is longer than 5 characters.
    >                                -- Records a length of the string.
    >          | OtherError String   -- Other error, stores the problem description.
    >
    >-- Converts LengthError to a readable message.
    >instance Show LengthError where
    >  show EmptyString = "The string was empty!"
    >  show (StringTooLong len) =
    >      "The length of the string (" ++ (show len) ++ ") is bigger than 5!"
    >  show (OtherError msg) = msg
    >
    >-- For our monad type constructor, we use Either LengthError
    >-- which represents failure using Left LengthError
    >-- or a successful result of type a using Right a.
    >type LengthMonad = Either LengthError
    >
    >main = do
    >  putStrLn "Please enter a string:"
    >  s <- getLine
    >  reportResult (calculateLength s)
    >
    >-- Attempts to calculate length and throws an error if the provided string is
    >-- empty or longer than 5 characters.
    >-- (Throwing an error in this monad means returning a 'Left'.)
    >calculateLength :: String -> LengthMonad Int
    >calculateLength [] = throwError EmptyString
    >calculateLength s | len > 5 = throwError (StringTooLong len)
    >                  | otherwise = return len
    >  where len = length s
    >
    >-- Prints result of the string length calculation.
    >reportResult :: LengthMonad Int -> IO ()
    >reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len))
    >reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e))
    -}

    {- $ExceptTExample
    @'ExceptT'@ monad transformer can be used to add error handling to another monad.
    Here is an example how to combine it with an @IO@ monad:

    >import Control.Monad.Except
    >
    >-- An IO monad which can return String failure.
    >-- It is convenient to define the monad type of the combined monad,
    >-- especially if we combine more monad transformers.
    >type LengthMonad = ExceptT String IO
    >
    >main = do
    >  -- runExceptT removes the ExceptT wrapper
    >  r <- runExceptT calculateLength
    >  reportResult r
    >
    >-- Asks user for a non-empty string and returns its length.
    >-- Throws an error if user enters an empty string.
    >calculateLength :: LengthMonad Int
    >calculateLength = do
    >  -- all the IO operations have to be lifted to the IO monad in the monad stack
    >  liftIO $ putStrLn "Please enter a non-empty string: "
    >  s <- liftIO getLine
    >  if null s
    >    then throwError "The string was empty!"
    >    else return $ length s
    >
    >-- Prints result of the string length calculation.
    >reportResult :: Either String Int -> IO ()
    >reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len))
    >reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e))
    -}