The Glasgow Haskell Compiler User's Guide, Version 6.0
The GHC Team
Table of Contents
The Glasgow Haskell Compiler License
1.
Introduction to GHC
1.1.
Meta-information: Web sites, mailing lists, etc.
1.2.
Reporting bugs in GHC
1.2.1.
How do I tell if I should report my bug?
1.2.2.
What to put in a bug report
1.3.
GHC version numbering policy
1.4.
Release notes for version 6.0
1.4.1.
User-visible compiler changes
1.4.2.
User-visible interpreter (GHCi) changes
1.4.3.
User-visible library changes
1.4.4.
Experimental features
1.4.5.
Internal changes
2.
Installing GHC
2.1.
Installing on Unix-a-likes
2.1.1.
When a platform-specific package is available
2.1.2.
GHC binary distributions
2.2.
Installing on Windows
2.2.1.
Installing GHC on Windows
2.2.2.
Moving GHC around
2.2.3.
Installing ghc-win32 FAQ
2.3.
The layout of installed files
2.3.1.
Layout of the library directory
3.
Using GHCi
3.1.
Introduction to GHCi
3.2.
Loading source files
3.2.1.
Modules vs. filenames
3.2.2.
Making changes and recompilation
3.3.
Loading compiled code
3.4.
Interactive evaluation at the prompt
3.4.1.
What's really in scope at the prompt?
3.4.2.
Using
do-
notation at the prompt
3.4.3.
The
it
variable
3.5.
Invoking GHCi
3.5.1.
Packages
3.5.2.
Extra libraries
3.6.
GHCi commands
3.7.
The
:set
command
3.7.1.
GHCi options
3.7.2.
Setting GHC command-line options in GHCi
3.8.
The
.ghci
file
3.9.
FAQ and Things To Watch Out For
4.
Using GHC
4.1.
Options overview
4.1.1.
Command-line arguments
4.1.2.
Command line options in source files
4.1.3.
Setting options in GHCi
4.2.
Static vs. Dynamic options
4.3.
Meaningful file suffixes
4.4.
Help and verbosity options
4.5.
Using
ghc
––make
4.6.
GHC without
––make
4.7.
Re-directing the compilation output(s)
4.7.1.
Keeping Intermediate Files
4.7.2.
Redirecting temporary files
4.8.
Warnings and sanity-checking
4.9.
Separate compilation
4.9.1.
Interface files
4.9.2.
Finding interface files
4.9.3.
Finding interfaces for hierarchical modules
4.9.4.
Other options related to interface files
4.9.5.
The recompilation checker
4.9.6.
Using
make
4.9.7.
How to compile mutually recursive modules
4.9.8.
Orphan modules and instance declarations
4.10.
Packages
4.10.1.
Using a package
4.10.2.
Maintaining a local set of packages
4.10.3.
Building a package from Haskell source
4.10.4.
Package management
4.11.
Optimisation (code improvement)
4.11.1.
-O*
: convenient “packages” of optimisation flags.
4.11.2.
-f*
: platform-independent flags
4.12.
Options related to a particular phase
4.12.1.
Replacing the program for one or more phases
4.12.2.
Forcing options to a particular phase
4.12.3.
Options affecting the C pre-processor
4.12.4.
Options affecting a Haskell pre-processor
4.12.5.
Options affecting the C compiler (if applicable)
4.12.6.
Options affecting code generation
4.12.7.
Options affecting linking
4.13.
Using Concurrent Haskell
4.14.
Using Parallel Haskell
4.14.1.
Dummy's guide to using PVM
4.14.2.
Parallelism profiles
4.14.3.
Other useful info about running parallel programs
4.14.4.
RTS options for Concurrent/Parallel Haskell
4.15.
Platform-specific Flags
4.16.
Running a compiled program
4.16.1.
Setting global RTS options
4.16.2.
RTS options to control the garbage collector
4.16.3.
RTS options for hackers, debuggers, and over-interested souls
4.16.4.
“Hooks” to change RTS behaviour
4.17.
Generating and compiling External Core Files
4.18.
Debugging the compiler
4.18.1.
Dumping out compiler intermediate structures
4.18.2.
Checking for consistency
4.18.3.
How to read Core syntax (from some
-ddump
flags)
4.18.4.
Unregisterised compilation
4.19.
Flag reference
4.19.1.
Help and verbosity options (
Section 4.4
)
4.19.2.
Which phases to run (
Section 4.6
)
4.19.3.
Redirecting output (
Section 4.7
)
4.19.4.
Keeping intermediate files (
Section 4.7.1
)
4.19.5.
Temporary files (
Section 4.7.2
)
4.19.6.
Finding imports (
Section 4.9.2
)
4.19.7.
Interface file options (
Section 4.9.4
)
4.19.8.
Recompilation checking (
Section 4.9.5
)
4.19.9.
Interactive-mode options (
Section 3.8
)
4.19.10.
Packages (
Section 4.10
)
4.19.11.
Language options (
Section 7.1
)
4.19.12.
Warnings (
Section 4.8
)
4.19.13.
Optimisation levels (
Section 4.11
)
4.19.14.
Individual optimisations (
Section 4.11.2
)
4.19.15.
Profiling options (
Chapter 5
)
4.19.16.
Parallelism options (
Section 4.14
)
4.19.17.
C pre-processor options (
Section 4.12.3
)
4.19.18.
C compiler options (
Section 4.12.5
)
4.19.19.
Code generation options (
Section 4.12.6
)
4.19.20.
Linking options (
Section 4.12.7
)
4.19.21.
Replacing phases (
Section 4.12.1
)
4.19.22.
Forcing options to particular phases (
Section 4.12.2
)
4.19.23.
Platform-specific options (
Section 4.15
)
4.19.24.
External core file options (
Section 4.17
)
4.19.25.
Compiler debugging options (
Section 4.18
)
4.19.26.
Misc compiler options
5.
Profiling
5.1.
Cost centres and cost-centre stacks
5.1.1.
Inserting cost centres by hand
5.1.2.
Rules for attributing costs
5.2.
Compiler options for profiling
5.3.
Time and allocation profiling
5.4.
Profiling memory usage
5.4.1.
RTS options for heap profiling
5.4.2.
Retainer Profiling
5.4.3.
Biographical Profiling
5.5.
Graphical time/allocation profile
5.6.
hp2ps
––heap profile to PostScript
5.6.1.
Manipulating the hp file
5.6.2.
Zooming in on regions of your profile
5.6.3.
Viewing the heap profile of a running program
5.6.4.
Viewing a heap profile in real time
5.7.
Using “ticky-ticky” profiling (for implementors)
6.
Advice on: sooner, faster, smaller, thriftier
6.1.
Sooner: producing a program more quickly
6.2.
Faster: producing a program that runs quicker
6.3.
Smaller: producing a program that is smaller
6.4.
Thriftier: producing a program that gobbles less heap space
7.
GHC Language Features
7.1.
Language options
7.2.
Unboxed types and primitive operations
7.2.1.
Unboxed types
7.2.2.
Unboxed Tuples
7.3.
Syntactic extensions
7.3.1.
Hierarchical Modules
7.3.2.
Pattern guards
7.3.3.
The recursive do-notation
7.3.4.
Infix type constructors
7.3.5.
Parallel List Comprehensions
7.3.6.
Rebindable syntax
7.4.
Type system extensions
7.4.1.
Data types with no constructors
7.4.2.
Infix type constructors
7.4.3.
Explicitly-kinded quantification
7.4.4.
Class method types
7.4.5.
Multi-parameter type classes
7.4.6.
Undecidable instances
7.4.7.
Implicit parameters
7.4.8.
Linear implicit parameters
7.4.9.
Functional dependencies
7.4.10.
Arbitrary-rank polymorphism
7.4.11.
Liberalised type synonyms
7.4.12.
For-all hoisting
7.4.13.
Existentially quantified data constructors
7.4.14.
Scoped type variables
7.4.15.
Generalised derived instances for newtypes
7.5.
Template Haskell
7.5.1.
Syntax
7.5.2.
Using Template Haskell
7.5.3.
A Template Haskell Worked Example
7.6.
Assertions
7.7.
Pragmas
7.7.1.
INLINE pragma
7.7.2.
RULES pragma
7.7.3.
SPECIALIZE pragma
7.7.4.
SPECIALIZE instance pragma
7.7.5.
LINE pragma
7.7.6.
DEPRECATED pragma
7.8.
Rewrite rules
7.8.1.
Syntax
7.8.2.
Semantics
7.8.3.
List fusion
7.8.4.
Specialisation
7.8.5.
Controlling what's going on
7.8.6.
CORE pragma
7.9.
Generic classes
7.9.1.
Using generics
7.9.2.
Changes wrt the paper
7.9.3.
Terminology and restrictions
7.9.4.
Another example
7.10.
Concurrent and Parallel Haskell
7.10.1.
Features specific to Parallel Haskell
8.
Foreign function interface (FFI)
8.1.
GHC extensions to the FFI Addendum
8.1.1.
Unboxed types
8.2.
Using the FFI with GHC
8.2.1.
Using
foreign export
and
foreign import ccall "wrapper"
with GHC
8.2.2.
Using function headers
8.2.3.
Memory Allocation
9.
What to do when something goes wrong
9.1.
When the compiler “does the wrong thing”
9.2.
When your program “does the wrong thing”
10.
Other Haskell utility programs
10.1.
Ctags and Etags for Haskell:
hasktags
10.1.1.
Using tags with your editor
10.2.
“Yacc for Haskell”:
happy
10.3.
Writing Haskell interfaces to C code:
hsc2hs
10.3.1.
Command line syntax
10.3.2.
Input syntax
10.3.3.
Custom constructs
11.
Running GHC on Win32 systems
11.1.
Starting GHC on Win32 platforms
11.2.
Avoiding the console window
11.3.
Using GHC (and other GHC-compiled executables) with cygwin
11.3.1.
Background
11.3.2.
The problem
11.3.3.
Things to do
11.4.
Building and using Win32 DLLs
11.4.1.
Linking with DLLs
11.4.2.
Not linking with DLLs
11.4.3.
Creating a DLL
11.4.4.
Making DLLs to be called from other languages
12.
Known bugs and infelicities
12.1.
Haskell 98 vs. Glasgow Haskell: language non-compliance
12.1.1.
Divergence from Haskell 98
12.1.2.
GHC's interpretation of undefined behaviour in Haskell 98
12.2.
Known bugs or infelicities
13.
GHC FAQ
Next
The Glasgow Haskell Compiler License