base-4.2.0.2: Basic librariesSource codeContentsIndex
System.Console.GetOpt
Portabilityportable
Stabilityexperimental
Maintainerlibraries@haskell.org
Contents
GetOpt
Examples
Interpreting flags as concrete values
Interpreting flags as transformations of an options record
Description
This library provides facilities for parsing the command-line options in a standalone program. It is essentially a Haskell port of the GNU getopt library.
Synopsis
getOpt :: ArgOrder a -> [OptDescr a] -> [String] -> ([a], [String], [String])
getOpt' :: ArgOrder a -> [OptDescr a] -> [String] -> ([a], [String], [String], [String])
usageInfo :: String -> [OptDescr a] -> String
data ArgOrder a
= RequireOrder
| Permute
| ReturnInOrder (String -> a)
data OptDescr a = Option [Char] [String] (ArgDescr a) String
data ArgDescr a
= NoArg a
| ReqArg (String -> a) String
| OptArg (Maybe String -> a) String
GetOpt
getOpt :: ArgOrder a -> [OptDescr a] -> [String] -> ([a], [String], [String])Source

Process the command-line, and return the list of values that matched (and those that didn't). The arguments are:

  • The order requirements (see ArgOrder)
  • The option descriptions (see OptDescr)
  • The actual command line arguments (presumably got from System.Environment.getArgs).

getOpt returns a triple consisting of the option arguments, a list of non-options, and a list of error messages.

getOpt' :: ArgOrder a -> [OptDescr a] -> [String] -> ([a], [String], [String], [String])Source
This is almost the same as getOpt, but returns a quadruple consisting of the option arguments, a list of non-options, a list of unrecognized options, and a list of error messages.
usageInfo :: String -> [OptDescr a] -> StringSource
Return a string describing the usage of a command, derived from the header (first argument) and the options described by the second argument.
data ArgOrder a Source
What to do with options following non-options
Constructors
RequireOrderno option processing after first non-option
Permutefreely intersperse options and non-options
ReturnInOrder (String -> a)wrap non-options into options
data OptDescr a Source

Each OptDescr describes a single option.

The arguments to Option are:

  • list of short option characters
  • list of long option strings (without "--")
  • argument descriptor
  • explanation of option for user
Constructors
Option [Char] [String] (ArgDescr a) String
data ArgDescr a Source
Describes whether an option takes an argument or not, and if so how the argument is injected into a value of type a.
Constructors
NoArg ano argument expected
ReqArg (String -> a) Stringoption requires argument
OptArg (Maybe String -> a) Stringoptional argument
Examples
To hopefully illuminate the role of the different data structures, here are the command-line options for a (very simple) compiler, done in two different ways. The difference arises because the type of getOpt is parameterized by the type of values derived from flags.
Interpreting flags as concrete values

A simple choice for the type associated with flags is to define a type Flag as an algebraic type representing the possible flags and their arguments: 

    module Opts1 where
    
    import System.Console.GetOpt
    import Data.Maybe ( fromMaybe )
    
    data Flag 
     = Verbose  | Version 
     | Input String | Output String | LibDir String
       deriving Show
    
    options :: [OptDescr Flag]
    options =
     [ Option ['v']     ["verbose"] (NoArg Verbose)       "chatty output on stderr"
     , Option ['V','?'] ["version"] (NoArg Version)       "show version number"
     , Option ['o']     ["output"]  (OptArg outp "FILE")  "output FILE"
     , Option ['c']     []          (OptArg inp  "FILE")  "input FILE"
     , Option ['L']     ["libdir"]  (ReqArg LibDir "DIR") "library directory"
     ]
    
    inp,outp :: Maybe String -> Flag
    outp = Output . fromMaybe "stdout"
    inp  = Input  . fromMaybe "stdin"
    
    compilerOpts :: [String] -> IO ([Flag], [String])
    compilerOpts argv = 
       case getOpt Permute options argv of
          (o,n,[]  ) -> return (o,n)
          (_,_,errs) -> ioError (userError (concat errs ++ usageInfo header options))
      where header = "Usage: ic [OPTION...] files..."

Then the rest of the program will use the constructed list of flags to determine it's behaviour.

Interpreting flags as transformations of an options record

A different approach is to group the option values in a record of type Options, and have each flag yield a function of type Options -> Options transforming this record. 

    module Opts2 where

    import System.Console.GetOpt
    import Data.Maybe ( fromMaybe )

    data Options = Options
     { optVerbose     :: Bool
     , optShowVersion :: Bool
     , optOutput      :: Maybe FilePath
     , optInput       :: Maybe FilePath
     , optLibDirs     :: [FilePath]
     } deriving Show

    defaultOptions    = Options
     { optVerbose     = False
     , optShowVersion = False
     , optOutput      = Nothing
     , optInput       = Nothing
     , optLibDirs     = []
     }

    options :: [OptDescr (Options -> Options)]
    options =
     [ Option ['v']     ["verbose"]
         (NoArg (\ opts -> opts { optVerbose = True }))
         "chatty output on stderr"
     , Option ['V','?'] ["version"]
         (NoArg (\ opts -> opts { optShowVersion = True }))
         "show version number"
     , Option ['o']     ["output"]
         (OptArg ((\ f opts -> opts { optOutput = Just f }) . fromMaybe "output")
                 "FILE")
         "output FILE"
     , Option ['c']     []
         (OptArg ((\ f opts -> opts { optInput = Just f }) . fromMaybe "input")
                 "FILE")
         "input FILE"
     , Option ['L']     ["libdir"]
         (ReqArg (\ d opts -> opts { optLibDirs = optLibDirs opts ++ [d] }) "DIR")
         "library directory"
     ]

    compilerOpts :: [String] -> IO (Options, [String])
    compilerOpts argv =
       case getOpt Permute options argv of
          (o,n,[]  ) -> return (foldl (flip id) defaultOptions o, n)
          (_,_,errs) -> ioError (userError (concat errs ++ usageInfo header options))
      where header = "Usage: ic [OPTION...] files..."

Similarly, each flag could yield a monadic function transforming a record, of type Options -> IO Options (or any other monad), allowing option processing to perform actions of the chosen monad, e.g. printing help or version messages, checking that file arguments exist, etc.

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