Suppose you have a directory hierarchy containing the source files that make up your package. You will need to add two more files to the root directory of the package:
package.cabala text file containing a package description (for details of the syntax of this file, see Section 2.1, “Package descriptions”), and
Setup.hs or
Setup.lhs
a single-module Haskell program to perform various setup tasks (with the interface described in Section 3, “Building and installing a package”). This module should import only modules that will be present in all Haskell implementations, including modules of the Cabal library. In most cases it will be trivial, calling on the Cabal library to do most of the work.
Once you have these, you can create a source bundle of this directory for distribution. Building of the package is discussed in Section 3, “Building and installing a package”.
Example 1. A package containing a simple library
The HUnit package contains a file HUnit.cabal
containing:
Name: HUnit
Version: 1.1
License: BSD3
Author: Dean Herington
Homepage: http://hunit.sourceforge.net/
Category: Testing
Build-Depends: base
Synopsis: Unit testing framework for Haskell
Exposed-modules:
Test.HUnit, Test.HUnit.Base, Test.HUnit.Lang,
Test.HUnit.Terminal, Test.HUnit.Text
Extensions: CPPand the following Setup.hs:
import Distribution.Simple main = defaultMain
Example 2. A package containing executable programs
Name: TestPackage Version: 0.0 License: BSD3 Author: Angela Author Synopsis: Small package with two programs Build-Depends: HUnit Executable: program1 Main-Is: Main.hs Hs-Source-Dirs: prog1 Executable: program2 Main-Is: Main.hs Hs-Source-Dirs: prog2 Other-Modules: Utils
with Setup.hs the same as above.
Example 3. A package containing a library and executable programs
Name: TestPackage Version: 0.0 License: BSD3 Author: Angela Author Synopsis: Package with library and two programs Build-Depends: HUnit Exposed-Modules: A, B, C Executable: program1 Main-Is: Main.hs Hs-Source-Dirs: prog1 Other-Modules: A, B Executable: program2 Main-Is: Main.hs Hs-Source-Dirs: prog2 Other-Modules: A, C, Utils
with Setup.hs the same as above.
Note that any library modules required (directly or indirectly)
by an executable must be listed again.
The trivial setup script used in these examples uses the simple build infrastructure provided by the Cabal library (see Distribution.Simple). The simplicity lies in its interface rather that its implementation. It automatically handles preprocessing with standard preprocessors, and builds packages for all the Haskell implementations (except nhc98, for now).
The simple build infrastructure can also handle packages where building is governed by system-dependent parameters, if you specify a little more (see Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters”). A few packages require more elaborate solutions (see Section 2.4, “More complex packages”).
The package description file should have a name ending in
“.cabal”. There must be exactly
one such file in the directory. The first part of the name is
immaterial, but it is conventional to use the package name.
In the package description file, lines beginning with
“--” are treated as comments
and ignored.
This file should contain one or more stanzas separated by blank lines:
The first stanza describes the package as a whole (see Section 2.1.1, “Package properties”), as well as an optional library (see Section 2.1.2, “Library”) and relevant build information (see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”).
Each subsequent stanza (if any) describes an executable program (see Section 2.1.3, “Executables”) and relevant build information (see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”).
Each stanza consists of a number of field/value pairs, with a syntax like mail message headers.
case is not significant in field names
to continue a field value, indent the next line
to get a blank line in a field value, use an indented
“.”
The syntax of the value depends on the field. Field types include:
token
,
filename
,
directory
Either a sequence of one or more non-space non-comma characters, or a quoted string in Haskell 98 lexical syntax. Unless otherwise stated, relative filenames and directories are interpreted from the package root directory.
freeform
,
URL
,
address
An arbitrary, uninterpreted string.
identifier
A letter followed by zero or more alphanumerics or underscores.
Haskell module names listed in the
exposed-modules and
other-modules fields may
correspond to Haskell source files, i.e. with names
ending in “.hs” or
“.lhs”, or to inputs for
various Haskell preprocessors.
The simple build infrastructure understands the extensions
“.gc” (greencard),
“.chs” (c2hs),
“.hsc” (hsc2hs),
“.y” and
“.ly” (happy),
“.x” (alex)
and
“.cpphs” (cpphs).
When building, Cabal will automatically run the appropriate
preprocessor and compile the Haskell module it produces.
Some fields take lists of values, which
are optionally separated by commas, except for the
build-depends field, where the commas are
mandatory.
Some fields are marked as required. All others are optional, and unless otherwise specified have empty default values.
These fields may occur in the first stanza, and describe the package as a whole:
name: package-name
(required)
The unique name of the package (see Section 1, “Packages”), without the version number.
version: numbers
(required)
The package version number, usually consisting of a sequence of natural numbers separated by dots.
cabal-version: >, <=, etc. & numbers
The version of Cabal required for this package.
Use only if this package requires
a particular version of Cabal, since unfortunately
early versions of Cabal do not recognize this field.
List the field early in your .cabal
file so that it will appear as a syntax error before
any others.
license: identifier
(default: AllRightsReserved)
The type of license under which this package is
distributed. License names are the constants of the
License type.
license-file:
filename
The name of a file containing the precise license for this package.
copyright:
freeform
The content of a copyright notice, typically the name of the holder of the copyright on the package and the year(s) from which copyright is claimed.
author:
freeform
The original author of the package.
maintainer:
address
The current maintainer or maintainers of the package. This is an e-mail address to which users should send bug reports, feature requests and patches.
stability:
freeform
The stability level of the package, e.g.
alpha, experimental,
provisional,
stable.
homepage: URL
The package homepage.
package-url: URL
The location of a source bundle for the package. The distribution should be a Cabal package.
synopsis:
freeform
A very short description of the package, for use in a table of packages. This is your headline, so keep it short (one line) but as informative as possible. Save space by not including the package name or saying it's written in Haskell.
description:
freeform
Description of the package. This may be several paragraphs, and should be aimed at a Haskell programmer who has never heard of your package before.
For library packages, this field is used as prologue text by setup haddock (see Section 3.3, “setup haddock”), and thus may contain the same markup as haddock documentation comments.
category:
freeform
A classification category for future use by the package catalogue Hackage. These categories have not yet been specified, but the upper levels of the module hierarchy make a good start.
tested-with:
compiler list
A list of compilers and versions against which the package has been tested (or at least built).
build-depends:
package list
A list of packages, possibly annotated with versions,
needed to build this one,
e.g. foo > 1.2, bar.
If no version constraint is specified, any version is
assumed to be acceptable.
data-files:
filename list
A list of files to be installed for run-time use by the package. This is useful for packages that use a large amount of static data, such as tables of values or code templates. For details on how to find these files at run-time, see Section 2.2, “Accessing data files from package code”.
extra-source-files:
filename list
A list of additional files to be included in source distributions built with setup sdist (see Section 3.10, “setup sdist”).
extra-tmp-files:
filename list
A list of additional files or directories to be removed by setup clean (see Section 3.8, “setup clean”). These would typically be additional files created by additional hooks, such as the scheme described in Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters”.
If the package contains a library, the first stanza should also contain the following field:
exposed-modules:
identifier list
(required if this package contains a library)
A list of modules added by this package.
The first stanza may also contain build information fields (see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”) relating to the library.
Subsequent stanzas (if present) describe executable programs contained in the package, using the following fields, as well as build information fields (see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”).
executable:
freeform
(required)
The name of the executable program.
main-is: filename
(required)
The name of the source file containing the
Main module, relative to one of the
directories listed in hs-source-dirs.
These stanzas may also contain build information fields (see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”) relating to the executable.
The following fields may be optionally present in any stanza, and give information for the building of the corresponding library or executable. See also Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters” for a way to supply system-dependent values for these fields.
buildable: Boolean
(default: True)
Is the component buildable? Like some of the other fields below, this field is more useful with the slightly more elaborate form of the simple build infrastructure described in Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters”.
other-modules:
identifier list
A list of modules used by the component
but not exposed to users. For a library component, these
would be hidden modules of the library. For an executable,
these would be auxiliary modules to be linked with the
file named in the main-is field.
hs-source-dirs:
directory list
(default: “.”)
Root directories for the module hierarchy.
For backwards compatibility, the old variant
hs-source-dir is also recognized.
extensions:
identifier list
A list of Haskell extensions used by every module.
Extension names are the constructors of the Extension type.
These determine corresponding compiler options.
In particular, CPP specifies that
Haskell source files are to be preprocessed with a
C preprocessor.
Extensions used only by one module may be specified
by placing a LANGUAGE pragma in the
source file affected, e.g.:
{-# LANGUAGE CPP, MultiParamTypeClasses #-}GHC versions prior to 6.6 do not support the
LANGUAGE pragma.
ghc-options:
token list
Additional options for GHC. You can often achieve
the same effect using the extensions
field, which is preferred.
Options required only by one module may be specified
by placing an OPTIONS_GHC pragma in the
source file affected.
ghc-prof-options:
token list
Additional options for GHC when the package is built with profiling enabled.
hugs-options:
token list
Additional options for Hugs. You can often achieve
the same effect using the extensions
field, which is preferred.
Options required only by one module may be specified
by placing an OPTIONS_HUGS pragma in the
source file affected.
nhc-options:
token list
Additional options for nhc98. You can often achieve
the same effect using the extensions
field, which is preferred.
Options required only by one module may be specified
by placing an OPTIONS_NHC pragma in the
source file affected.
includes:
filename list
A list of header files already installed on the system (i.e. not part of this package) to be included in any compilations via C. These files typically contain function prototypes for foreign imports used by the package.
install-includes:
filename list
A list of header files from this package to be
included in any compilations via C. These header files
will be installed into
$(libdir)/includes when the package
is installed. Files listed in
install-includes: should be found in
one of the directories listed in
include-dirs.
install-includes is typically
used to name header files that contain prototypes for
foreign imports used in Haskell code in this package,
for which the C implementations are also provided with
the package.
include-dirs:
directory list
A list of directories to search for header files,
when preprocessing with c2hs,
hsc2hs, ffihugs,
cpphs, or the C preprocessor, and also when compiling
via C.
c-sources:
filename list
A list of C source files to be compiled and linked with the Haskell files.
If you use this field, you should also name the
C files in CFILES pragmas in the
Haskell source files that use them, e.g.:
{-# CFILES dir/file1.c dir/file2.c #-}These are ignored by the compilers, but needed by Hugs.
extra-libraries:
token list
A list of extra libraries to link with.
extra-lib-dirs:
directory list
A list of directories to search for libraries.
cc-options:
token list
Command-line arguments to be passed to the C compiler. Since the arguments are compiler-dependent, this field is more useful with the setup described in Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters”.
ld-options:
token list
Command-line arguments to be passed to the linker. Since the arguments are compiler-dependent, this field is more useful with the setup described in Section 2.3, “System-dependent parameters”.
frameworks:
token list
On Darwin/MacOS X, a list of frameworks to link to. See Apple's developer documentation for more details on frameworks. This entry is ignored on all other platforms.
The placement on the target system of files listed in the
data-files field varies between systems, and in
some cases one can even move packages around after installation
(see Section 3.1.2.2, “Prefix-independence”). To enable packages
to find these files in a portable way, Cabal generates a module
called Paths_pkgname
(with any hyphens in pkgname replaced
by underscores) during building, so that it may be imported by
modules of the package. This module defines a function
getDataFileName :: FilePath -> IO FilePath
If the argument is a filename listed in the
data-files field, the result is the name
of the corresponding file on the system on which the program
is running.
For some packages, especially those interfacing with C
libraries, implementation details and the build procedure depend
on the build environment. The simple build infrastructure
can handle many such situations using a slightly longer
Setup.hs:
import Distribution.Simple main = defaultMainWithHooks defaultUserHooks
This program differs from defaultMain
in two ways:
If the package root directory contains a file called
configure, the configure step will
run that. This configure program may
be a script produced by the autoconf
system, or may be hand-written. This program typically
discovers information about the system and records it for
later steps, e.g. by generating system-dependent header files
for inclusion in C source files and preprocessed Haskell
source files. (Clearly this won't work for Windows without
MSYS or Cygwin: other ideas are needed.)
If the package root directory contains a file called
package.buildinfo
after the configuration step, subsequent steps will read it
to obtain additional settings for build information fields
(see Section 2.1.4, “Build information”), to be merged with the
ones given in the .cabal file.
In particular, this file may be generated by the
configure script mentioned above,
allowing these settings to vary depending on the build
environment.
The build information file should have the following structure:
buildinfoexecutable:namebuildinfoexecutable:namebuildinfo...
where each buildinfo consists
of settings of fields listed in Section 2.1.4, “Build information”.
The first one (if present) relates to the library, while each
of the others relate to the named executable. (The names
must match the package description, but you don't have to
have entries for all of them.)
Neither of these files is required. If they are absent, this
setup script is equivalent to defaultMain.
Example 4. Using autoconf
(This example is for people familiar with the autoconf tools.)
In the X11 package, the file configure.ac
contains:
AC_INIT([Haskell X11 package], [1.1], [libraries@haskell.org], [X11]) # Safety check: Ensure that we are in the correct source directory. AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([X11.cabal]) # Header file to place defines in AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([include/HsX11Config.h]) # Check for X11 include paths and libraries AC_PATH_XTRA AC_TRY_CPP([#include <X11/Xlib.h>],,[no_x=yes]) # Build the package if we found X11 stuff if test "$no_x" = yes then BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL=False else BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL=True fi AC_SUBST([BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL]) AC_CONFIG_FILES([X11.buildinfo]) AC_OUTPUT
Then the setup script will run the
configure script, which checks for the
presence of the X11 libraries and substitutes for variables
in the file X11.buildinfo.in:
buildable: @BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL@ cc-options: @X_CFLAGS@ ld-options: @X_LIBS@
This generates a file X11.buildinfo
supplying the parameters needed by later stages:
buildable: True cc-options: -I/usr/X11R6/include ld-options: -L/usr/X11R6/lib
The configure script also generates
a header file include/HsX11Config.h
containing C preprocessor defines recording the results of
various tests. This file may be included by C source files
and preprocessed Haskell source files in the package.
Packages using these features will also need to list
additional files such as configure,
templates for .buildinfo files, files named
only in .buildinfo files, header files and
so on in the extra-source-files field,
to ensure that they are included in source distributions.
They should also list files and directories generated by
configure in the
extra-tmp-files field to ensure that they
are removed by setup clean.
For packages that don't fit the simple schemes described above, you have a few options:
You can customize the simple build infrastructure
using hooks. These allow you to
perform additional actions before and after each command is
run, and also to specify additional preprocessors. See
UserHooks in Distribution.Simple for the details,
but note that this interface is experimental, and likely to
change in future releases.
You could delegate all the work to make,
though this is unlikely to be very portable.
Cabal supports this with a trivial setup library Distribution.Make,
which simply parses the command line arguments and invokes
make. Here Setup.hs
looks like
import Distribution.Make main = defaultMain
The root directory of the package should contain
a configure script, and, after
that has run, a Makefile with a
default target that builds the package, plus targets
install, register,
unregister, clean,
dist and docs.
Some options to commands are passed through as follows:
The --with-hc-pkg,
--prefix, --bindir,
--libdir, --datadir
and --libexecdir options to the
configure command are passed on to
the configure script.
In addition the value of the --with-compiler
option is passed in a --with-hc option.
the --destdir option to the
copy command becomes a setting of a
destdir variable on the invocation of
make copy. The supplied
Makefile should provide a
copy target, which will probably
look like this:
copy :
$(MAKE) install prefix=$(destdir)/$(prefix) \
bindir=$(destdir)/$(bindir) \
libdir=$(destdir)/$(libdir) \
datadir=$(destdir)/$(datadir) \
libexecdir=$(destdir)/$(libexecdir)
You can write your own setup script conforming to the
interface of Section 3, “Building and installing a package”, possibly using
the Cabal library for part of the work. One option is to
copy the source of Distribution.Simple,
and alter it for your needs. Good luck.