A fixed-precision integer type with at least the range [-2^29 .. 2^29-1]. The exact range for a given implementation can be determined by using minBound and maxBound from the Bounded class.

A Word is an unsigned integral type, with the same size as Int.

Single-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE single-precision type.

Double-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE double-precision type.

The character type Char is an enumeration whose values represent Unicode (or equivalently ISO/IEC 10646) characters (see http://www.unicode.org/ for details). This set extends the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set (the first 256 characters), which is itself an extension of the ASCII character set (the first 128 characters). A character literal in Haskell has type Char.

To convert a Char to or from the corresponding Int value defined by Unicode, use toEnum and fromEnum from the Enum class respectively (or equivalently ord and chr).

A value of type Ptr a represents a pointer to an object, or an array of objects, which may be marshalled to or from Haskell values of type a.

The type a will often be an instance of class Storable which provides the marshalling operations. However this is not essential, and you can provide your own operations to access the pointer. For example you might write small foreign functions to get or set the fields of a C struct.

A value of type FunPtr a is a pointer to a function callable from foreign code. The type a will normally be a foreign type, a function type with zero or more arguments where

• the argument types are marshallable foreign types, i.e. Char, Int, Double, Float, Bool, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Word8, Word16, Word32, Word64, Ptr a, FunPtr a, StablePtr a or a renaming of any of these using newtype.
• the return type is either a marshallable foreign type or has the form IO t where t is a marshallable foreign type or ().

A value of type FunPtr a may be a pointer to a foreign function, either returned by another foreign function or imported with a a static address import like

 foreign import ccall "stdlib.h &free"
   p_free :: FunPtr (Ptr a -> IO ())

or a pointer to a Haskell function created using a wrapper stub declared to produce a FunPtr of the correct type. For example:

 type Compare = Int -> Int -> Bool
 foreign import ccall "wrapper"
   mkCompare :: Compare -> IO (FunPtr Compare)

Calls to wrapper stubs like mkCompare allocate storage, which should be released with freeHaskellFunPtr when no longer required.

To convert FunPtr values to corresponding Haskell functions, one can define a dynamic stub for the specific foreign type, e.g.

 type IntFunction = CInt -> IO ()
 foreign import ccall "dynamic" 
   mkFun :: FunPtr IntFunction -> IntFunction

Shift the argument left by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

Shift the argument right by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

Shift the argument left by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

Shift the argument right (signed) by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

Shift the argument right (unsigned) by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

A list producer that can be fused with foldr. This function is merely

    build g = g (:) []

but GHC's simplifier will transform an expression of the form foldr k z (build g), which may arise after inlining, to g k z, which avoids producing an intermediate list.

A list producer that can be fused with foldr. This function is merely

    augment g xs = g (:) xs

but GHC's simplifier will transform an expression of the form foldr k z (augment g xs), which may arise after inlining, to g k (foldr k z xs), which avoids producing an intermediate list.

Class for string-like datastructures; used by the overloaded string extension (-foverloaded-strings in GHC).

The call '(lazy e)' means the same as e, but lazy has a magical strictness property: it is lazy in its first argument, even though its semantics is strict.

The call '(inline f)' reduces to f, but inline has a BuiltInRule that tries to inline f (if it has an unfolding) unconditionally The NOINLINE pragma arranges that inline only gets inlined (and hence eliminated) late in compilation, after the rule has had a good chance to fire.

The Down type allows you to reverse sort order conveniently. A value of type Down a contains a value of type a (represented as Down a). If a has an Ord instance associated with it then comparing two values thus wrapped will give you the opposite of their normal sort order. This is particularly useful when sorting in generalised list comprehensions, as in: then sortWith by Down x

The groupWith function uses the user supplied function which projects an element out of every list element in order to to first sort the input list and then to form groups by equality on these projected elements

The sortWith function sorts a list of elements using the user supplied function to project something out of each element

the ensures that all the elements of the list are identical and then returns that unique element

returns a '[String]' representing the current call stack. This can be useful for debugging.

The implementation uses the call-stack simulation maintined by the profiler, so it only works if the program was compiled with -prof and contains suitable SCC annotations (e.g. by using -fprof-auto). Otherwise, the list returned is likely to be empty or uninformative.