{-# LANGUAGE MultiWayIf, RecursiveDo, TupleSections #-} module GHC.Tc.Solver( InferMode(..), simplifyInfer, findInferredDiff, growThetaTyVars, simplifyAmbiguityCheck, simplifyDefault, simplifyTop, simplifyTopImplic, simplifyInteractive, solveEqualities, pushLevelAndSolveEqualities, pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX, reportUnsolvedEqualities, simplifyWantedsTcM, tcCheckGivens, tcCheckWanteds, tcNormalise, captureTopConstraints, simplifyTopWanteds, promoteTyVarSet, simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints, -- For Rules we need these solveWanteds, approximateWC ) where import GHC.Prelude import GHC.Data.Bag import GHC.Core.Class import GHC.Core import GHC.Core.DataCon import GHC.Core.Make import GHC.Driver.DynFlags import GHC.Data.FastString import GHC.Data.List.SetOps import GHC.Types.Name import GHC.Types.Unique.Set import GHC.Types.Id import GHC.Utils.Outputable import GHC.Builtin.Utils import GHC.Builtin.Names import GHC.Tc.Errors import GHC.Tc.Errors.Types import GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence import GHC.Tc.Solver.Solve ( solveSimpleGivens, solveSimpleWanteds ) import GHC.Tc.Solver.Dict ( makeSuperClasses, solveCallStack ) import GHC.Tc.Solver.Rewrite ( rewriteType ) import GHC.Tc.Utils.Unify ( buildTvImplication ) import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcMType as TcM import GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad as TcM import GHC.Tc.Zonk.TcType as TcM import GHC.Tc.Solver.InertSet import GHC.Tc.Solver.Monad as TcS import GHC.Tc.Types.Constraint import GHC.Tc.Instance.FunDeps import GHC.Core.Predicate import GHC.Tc.Types.Origin import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType import GHC.Core.Type import GHC.Core.Ppr import GHC.Core.TyCon ( TyConBinder, isTypeFamilyTyCon ) import GHC.Builtin.Types import GHC.Core.Unify ( tcMatchTyKis ) import GHC.Unit.Module ( getModule ) import GHC.Utils.Misc import GHC.Utils.Panic import GHC.Types.TyThing ( MonadThings(lookupId) ) import GHC.Types.Var import GHC.Types.Var.Env import GHC.Types.Var.Set import GHC.Types.Basic import GHC.Types.Id.Make ( unboxedUnitExpr ) import GHC.Types.Error import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt import Control.Monad import Control.Monad.Trans.Class ( lift ) import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict ( StateT(runStateT), put ) import Data.Foldable ( toList, traverse_ ) import Data.List ( partition ) import Data.List.NonEmpty ( NonEmpty(..), nonEmpty ) import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NE import GHC.Data.Maybe ( mapMaybe, runMaybeT, MaybeT ) {- ********************************************************************************* * * * External interface * * * ********************************************************************************* -} captureTopConstraints :: TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) -- (captureTopConstraints m) runs m, and returns the type constraints it -- generates plus the constraints produced by static forms inside. -- If it fails with an exception, it reports any insolubles -- (out of scope variables) before doing so -- -- captureTopConstraints is used exclusively by GHC.Tc.Module at the top -- level of a module. -- -- Importantly, if captureTopConstraints propagates an exception, it -- reports any insoluble constraints first, lest they be lost -- altogether. This is important, because solveEqualities (maybe -- other things too) throws an exception without adding any error -- messages; it just puts the unsolved constraints back into the -- monad. See GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad Note [Constraints and errors] -- #16376 is an example of what goes wrong if you don't do this. -- -- NB: the caller should bring any environments into scope before -- calling this, so that the reportUnsolved has access to the most -- complete GlobalRdrEnv captureTopConstraints :: forall a. TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) captureTopConstraints TcM a thing_inside = do { static_wc_var <- WantedConstraints -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) (TcRef WantedConstraints) forall (m :: * -> *) a. MonadIO m => a -> m (TcRef a) TcM.newTcRef WantedConstraints emptyWC ; ; (mb_res, lie) <- TcM.updGblEnv (\TcGblEnv env -> TcGblEnv env { tcg_static_wc = static_wc_var } ) $ TcM.tryCaptureConstraints thing_inside ; stWC <- TcM.readTcRef static_wc_var -- See GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad Note [Constraints and errors] -- If the thing_inside threw an exception, but generated some insoluble -- constraints, report the latter before propagating the exception -- Otherwise they will be lost altogether ; case mb_res of Just a res -> (a, WantedConstraints) -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) (a, WantedConstraints) forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (a res, WantedConstraints lie WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints `andWC` WantedConstraints stWC) Maybe a Nothing -> do { _ <- WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyTop WantedConstraints lie; failM } } -- This call to simplifyTop is the reason -- this function is here instead of GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad -- We call simplifyTop so that it does defaulting -- (esp of runtime-reps) before reporting errors simplifyTopImplic :: Bag Implication -> TcM () simplifyTopImplic :: Bag Implication -> TcM () simplifyTopImplic Bag Implication implics = do { empty_binds <- WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyTop (Bag Implication -> WantedConstraints mkImplicWC Bag Implication implics) -- Since all the inputs are implications the returned bindings will be empty ; massertPpr (isEmptyBag empty_binds) (ppr empty_binds) ; return () } simplifyTop :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) -- Simplify top-level constraints -- Usually these will be implications, -- but when there is nothing to quantify we don't wrap -- in a degenerate implication, so we do that here instead simplifyTop :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyTop WantedConstraints wanteds = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyTop {" (SDoc -> TcM ()) -> SDoc -> TcM () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "wanted = " SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> WantedConstraints -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr WantedConstraints wanteds ; ((final_wc, unsafe_ol), binds1) <- TcS (WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt) -> TcM ((WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt), EvBindMap) forall a. TcS a -> TcM (a, EvBindMap) runTcS (TcS (WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt) -> TcM ((WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt), EvBindMap)) -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt) -> TcM ((WantedConstraints, Bag DictCt), EvBindMap) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ do { final_wc <- WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints simplifyTopWanteds WantedConstraints wanteds ; unsafe_ol <- getSafeOverlapFailures ; return (final_wc, unsafe_ol) } ; traceTc "End simplifyTop }" empty ; binds2 <- reportUnsolved final_wc ; traceTc "reportUnsolved (unsafe overlapping) {" empty ; unless (isEmptyBag unsafe_ol) $ do { -- grab current error messages and clear, warnAllUnsolved will -- update error messages which we'll grab and then restore saved -- messages. ; errs_var <- getErrsVar ; saved_msg <- TcM.readTcRef errs_var ; TcM.writeTcRef errs_var emptyMessages ; warnAllUnsolved $ emptyWC { wc_simple = fmap CDictCan unsafe_ol } ; whyUnsafe <- getWarningMessages <$> TcM.readTcRef errs_var ; TcM.writeTcRef errs_var saved_msg ; recordUnsafeInfer (mkMessages whyUnsafe) } ; traceTc "reportUnsolved (unsafe overlapping) }" empty ; return (evBindMapBinds binds1 `unionBags` binds2) } pushLevelAndSolveEqualities :: SkolemInfoAnon -> [TyConBinder] -> TcM a -> TcM a -- Push level, and solve all resulting equalities -- If there are any unsolved equalities, report them -- and fail (in the monad) -- -- Panics if we solve any non-equality constraints. (In runTCSEqualities -- we use an error thunk for the evidence bindings.) pushLevelAndSolveEqualities :: forall a. SkolemInfoAnon -> [TyConBinder] -> TcM a -> TcM a pushLevelAndSolveEqualities SkolemInfoAnon skol_info_anon [TyConBinder] tcbs TcM a thing_inside = do { (tclvl, wanted, res) <- String -> TcM a -> TcM (TcLevel, WantedConstraints, a) forall a. String -> TcM a -> TcM (TcLevel, WantedConstraints, a) pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX String "pushLevelAndSolveEqualities" TcM a thing_inside ; report_unsolved_equalities skol_info_anon (binderVars tcbs) tclvl wanted ; return res } pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX :: String -> TcM a -> TcM (TcLevel, WantedConstraints, a) -- Push the level, gather equality constraints, and then solve them. -- Returns any remaining unsolved equalities. -- Does not report errors. -- -- Panics if we solve any non-equality constraints. (In runTCSEqualities -- we use an error thunk for the evidence bindings.) pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX :: forall a. String -> TcM a -> TcM (TcLevel, WantedConstraints, a) pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX String callsite TcM a thing_inside = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX {" (String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "Called from" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String callsite) ; (tclvl, (wanted, res)) <- TcM (WantedConstraints, a) -> TcM (TcLevel, (WantedConstraints, a)) forall a. TcM a -> TcM (TcLevel, a) pushTcLevelM (TcM (WantedConstraints, a) -> TcM (TcLevel, (WantedConstraints, a))) -> TcM (WantedConstraints, a) -> TcM (TcLevel, (WantedConstraints, a)) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ do { (res, wanted) <- TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) forall a. TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) captureConstraints TcM a thing_inside ; wanted <- runTcSEqualities (simplifyTopWanteds wanted) ; return (wanted,res) } ; traceTc "pushLevelAndSolveEqualities }" (vcat [ text "Residual:" <+> ppr wanted , text "Level:" <+> ppr tclvl ]) ; return (tclvl, wanted, res) } -- | Type-check a thing that emits only equality constraints, solving any -- constraints we can and re-emitting constraints that we can't. -- Use this variant only when we'll get another crack at it later -- See Note [Failure in local type signatures] -- -- Panics if we solve any non-equality constraints. (In runTCSEqualities -- we use an error thunk for the evidence bindings.) solveEqualities :: String -> TcM a -> TcM a solveEqualities :: forall a. String -> TcM a -> TcM a solveEqualities String callsite TcM a thing_inside = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "solveEqualities {" (String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "Called from" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String callsite) ; (res, wanted) <- TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) forall a. TcM a -> TcM (a, WantedConstraints) captureConstraints TcM a thing_inside ; simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints wanted -- simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints fails outright unless -- the only unsolved constraints are soluble-looking -- equalities that can float out ; traceTc "solveEqualities }" empty ; return res } simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints :: WantedConstraints -> TcM () -- See Note [Failure in local type signatures] simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints :: WantedConstraints -> TcM () simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints WantedConstraints wanted = do { -- Solve and zonk to establish the -- preconditions for floatKindEqualities wanted <- TcS WantedConstraints -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) WantedConstraints forall a. TcS a -> TcM a runTcSEqualities (WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds WantedConstraints wanted) ; wanted <- TcM.liftZonkM $ TcM.zonkWC wanted ; traceTc "emitFlatConstraints {" (ppr wanted) ; case floatKindEqualities wanted of Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) Nothing -> do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "emitFlatConstraints } failing" (WantedConstraints -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr WantedConstraints wanted) -- Emit the bad constraints, wrapped in an implication -- See Note [Wrapping failing kind equalities] ; tclvl <- TcM TcLevel TcM.getTcLevel ; implic <- buildTvImplication unkSkolAnon [] (pushTcLevel tclvl) wanted -- ^^^^^^ | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -- it's OK to use unkSkol | we must increase the TcLevel, -- because we don't bind | as explained in -- any skolem variables here | Note [Wrapping failing kind equalities] ; emitImplication implic ; failM } Just (Cts simples, Bag DelayedError errs) -> do { _ <- HasDebugCallStack => VarSet -> TcM Bool VarSet -> TcM Bool promoteTyVarSet (Cts -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfCts Cts simples) ; traceTc "emitFlatConstraints }" $ vcat [ text "simples:" <+> ppr simples , text "errs: " <+> ppr errs ] -- Holes and other delayed errors don't need promotion ; emitDelayedErrors errs ; emitSimples simples } } floatKindEqualities :: WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Bag Ct, Bag DelayedError) -- Float out all the constraints from the WantedConstraints, -- Return Nothing if any constraints can't be floated (captured -- by skolems), or if there is an insoluble constraint, or -- IC_Telescope telescope error -- Precondition 1: we have tried to solve the 'wanteds', both so that -- the ic_status field is set, and because solving can make constraints -- more floatable. -- Precondition 2: the 'wanteds' are zonked, since floatKindEqualities -- is not monadic -- See Note [floatKindEqualities vs approximateWC] floatKindEqualities :: WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) floatKindEqualities WantedConstraints wc = VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) float_wc VarSet emptyVarSet WantedConstraints wc where float_wc :: TcTyCoVarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Bag Ct, Bag DelayedError) float_wc :: VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) float_wc VarSet trapping_tvs (WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts simples , wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication implics , wc_errors :: WantedConstraints -> Bag DelayedError wc_errors = Bag DelayedError errs }) | (Ct -> Bool) -> Cts -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool all Ct -> Bool is_floatable Cts simples = do { (inner_simples, inner_errs) <- (Implication -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError)) -> Bag Implication -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) forall (m :: * -> *) a b c. Monad m => (a -> m (Bag b, Bag c)) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b, Bag c) flatMapBagPairM (VarSet -> Implication -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) float_implic VarSet trapping_tvs) Bag Implication implics ; return ( simples `unionBags` inner_simples , errs `unionBags` inner_errs) } | Bool otherwise = Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) forall a. Maybe a Nothing where is_floatable :: Ct -> Bool is_floatable Ct ct | Ct -> Bool insolubleCt Ct ct = Bool False | Bool otherwise = Ct -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfCt Ct ct VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `disjointVarSet` VarSet trapping_tvs float_implic :: TcTyCoVarSet -> Implication -> Maybe (Bag Ct, Bag DelayedError) float_implic :: VarSet -> Implication -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) float_implic VarSet trapping_tvs (Implic { ic_wanted :: Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted = WantedConstraints wanted, ic_given_eqs :: Implication -> HasGivenEqs ic_given_eqs = HasGivenEqs given_eqs , ic_skols :: Implication -> [TyVar] ic_skols = [TyVar] skols, ic_status :: Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status = ImplicStatus status }) | ImplicStatus -> Bool isInsolubleStatus ImplicStatus status = Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) forall a. Maybe a Nothing -- A short cut /plus/ we must keep track of IC_BadTelescope | Bool otherwise = do { (simples, holes) <- VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Maybe (Cts, Bag DelayedError) float_wc VarSet new_trapping_tvs WantedConstraints wanted ; when (not (isEmptyBag simples) && given_eqs == MaybeGivenEqs) $ Nothing -- If there are some constraints to float out, but we can't -- because we don't float out past local equalities -- (c.f GHC.Tc.Solver.approximateWC), then fail ; return (simples, holes) } where new_trapping_tvs :: VarSet new_trapping_tvs = VarSet trapping_tvs VarSet -> [TyVar] -> VarSet `extendVarSetList` [TyVar] skols {- Note [Failure in local type signatures] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When kind checking a type signature, we like to fail fast if we can't solve all the kind equality constraints, for two reasons: * A kind-bogus type signature may cause a cascade of knock-on errors if we let it pass * More seriously, we don't have a convenient term-level place to add deferred bindings for unsolved kind-equality constraints. In earlier GHCs this led to un-filled-in coercion holes, which caused GHC to crash with "fvProv falls into a hole" See #11563, #11520, #11516, #11399 But what about /local/ type signatures, mentioning in-scope type variables for which there might be 'given' equalities? For these we might not be able to solve all the equalities locally. Here's an example (T15076b): class (a ~ b) => C a b data SameKind :: k -> k -> Type where { SK :: SameKind a b } bar :: forall (a :: Type) (b :: Type). C a b => Proxy a -> Proxy b -> () bar _ _ = const () (undefined :: forall (x :: a) (y :: b). SameKind x y) Consider the type signature on 'undefined'. It's ill-kinded unless a~b. But the superclass of (C a b) means that indeed (a~b). So all should be well. BUT it's hard to see that when kind-checking the signature for undefined. We want to emit a residual (a~b) constraint, to solve later. Another possibility is that we might have something like F alpha ~ [Int] where alpha is bound further out, which might become soluble "later" when we learn more about alpha. So we want to emit those residual constraints. BUT it's no good simply wrapping all unsolved constraints from a type signature in an implication constraint to solve later. The problem is that we are going to /use/ that signature, including instantiate it. Say we have f :: forall a. (forall b. blah) -> blah2 f x = <body> To typecheck the definition of f, we have to instantiate those foralls. Moreover, any unsolved kind equalities will be coercion holes in the type. If we naively wrap them in an implication like forall a. (co1:k1~k2, forall b. co2:k3~k4) hoping to solve it later, we might end up filling in the holes co1 and co2 with coercions involving 'a' and 'b' -- but by now we've instantiated the type. Chaos! Moreover, the unsolved constraints might be skolem-escape things, and if we proceed with f bound to a nonsensical type, we get a cascade of follow-up errors. For example polykinds/T12593, T15577, and many others. So here's the plan (see tcHsSigType): * pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX: try to solve the constraints * kindGeneraliseSome: do kind generalisation * buildTvImplication: build an implication for the residual, unsolved constraint * simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints: try to float out every unsolved equality inside that implication, in the hope that it constrains only global type variables, not the locally-quantified ones. * If we fail, or find an insoluble constraint, emit the implication, so that the errors will be reported, and fail. * If we succeed in floating all the equalities, promote them and re-emit them as flat constraint, not wrapped at all (since they don't mention any of the quantified variables. * Note that this float-and-promote step means that anonymous wildcards get floated to top level, as we want; see Note [Checking partial type signatures] in GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType. All this is done: * In GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType.tcHsSigType, as above * solveEqualities. Use this when there no kind-generalisation step to complicate matters; then we don't need to push levels, and can solve the equalities immediately without needing to wrap it in an implication constraint. (You'll generally see a kindGeneraliseNone nearby.) * In GHC.Tc.TyCl and GHC.Tc.TyCl.Instance; see calls to pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX, followed by quantification, and then reportUnsolvedEqualities. NB: we call reportUnsolvedEqualities before zonkTcTypeToType because the latter does not expect to see any un-filled-in coercions, which will happen if we have unsolved equalities. By calling reportUnsolvedEqualities first, which fails after reporting errors, we avoid that happening. See also #18062, #11506 Note [Wrapping failing kind equalities] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints, if we fail to get down to simple flat constraints we will * re-emit the constraints so that they are reported * fail in the monad But there is a Terrible Danger that, if -fdefer-type-errors is on, and we just re-emit an insoluble constraint like (* ~ (*->*)), that we'll report only a warning and proceed with compilation. But if we ever fail in the monad it should be fatal; we should report an error and stop after the type checker. If not, chaos results: #19142. Our solution is this: * Even with -fdefer-type-errors, inside an implication with no place for value bindings (ic_binds = CoEvBindsVar), report failing equalities as errors. We have to do this anyway; see GHC.Tc.Errors Note [Failing equalities with no evidence bindings]. * Right here in simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints, use buildTvImplication to wrap the failing constraint in a degenerate implication (no skolems, no theta), with ic_binds = CoEvBindsVar. This setting of `ic_binds` means that any failing equalities will lead to an error not a warning, irrespective of -fdefer-type-errors: see Note [Failing equalities with no evidence bindings] in GHC.Tc.Errors, and `maybeSwitchOffDefer` in that module. We still take care to bump the TcLevel of the implication. Partly, that ensures that nested implications have increasing level numbers which seems nice. But more specifically, suppose the outer level has a Given `(C ty)`, which has pending (not-yet-expanded) superclasses. Consider what happens when we process this implication constraint (which we have re-emitted) in that context: - in the inner implication we'll call `getPendingGivenScs`, - we /do not/ want to get the `(C ty)` from the outer level, lest we try to add an evidence term for the superclass, which we can't do because we have specifically set `ic_binds` = `CoEvBindsVar`. - as `getPendingGivenSCcs is careful to only get Givens from the /current/ level, and we bumped the `TcLevel` of the implication, we're OK. TL;DR: bump the `TcLevel` when creating the nested implication. If we don't we get a panic in `GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad.addTcEvBind` (#20043). We re-emit the implication rather than reporting the errors right now, so that the error messages are improved by other solving and defaulting. e.g. we prefer Cannot match 'Type->Type' with 'Type' to Cannot match 'Type->Type' with 'TYPE r0' Note [floatKindEqualities vs approximateWC] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ floatKindEqualities and approximateWC are strikingly similar to each other, but * floatKindEqualites tries to float /all/ equalities, and fails if it can't, or if any implication is insoluble. * approximateWC just floats out any constraints (not just equalities) that can float; it never fails. -} reportUnsolvedEqualities :: SkolemInfo -> [TcTyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () -- Reports all unsolved wanteds provided; fails in the monad if there are any. -- -- The provided SkolemInfo and [TcTyVar] arguments are used in an implication to -- provide skolem info for any errors. reportUnsolvedEqualities :: SkolemInfo -> [TyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () reportUnsolvedEqualities SkolemInfo skol_info [TyVar] skol_tvs TcLevel tclvl WantedConstraints wanted = SkolemInfoAnon -> [TyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () report_unsolved_equalities (SkolemInfo -> SkolemInfoAnon getSkolemInfo SkolemInfo skol_info) [TyVar] skol_tvs TcLevel tclvl WantedConstraints wanted report_unsolved_equalities :: SkolemInfoAnon -> [TcTyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () report_unsolved_equalities :: SkolemInfoAnon -> [TyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () report_unsolved_equalities SkolemInfoAnon skol_info_anon [TyVar] skol_tvs TcLevel tclvl WantedConstraints wanted | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wanted = () -> TcM () forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return () | Bool otherwise -- NB: we build an implication /even if skol_tvs is empty/, -- just to ensure that our level invariants hold, specifically -- (WantedInv). See Note [TcLevel invariants]. = TcM () -> TcM () forall r. TcM r -> TcM r checkNoErrs (TcM () -> TcM ()) -> TcM () -> TcM () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ -- Fail do { implic <- SkolemInfoAnon -> [TyVar] -> TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> TcM Implication buildTvImplication SkolemInfoAnon skol_info_anon [TyVar] skol_tvs TcLevel tclvl WantedConstraints wanted ; reportAllUnsolved (mkImplicWC (unitBag implic)) } -- | Simplify top-level constraints, but without reporting any unsolved -- constraints nor unsafe overlapping. simplifyTopWanteds :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints -- See Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan] simplifyTopWanteds :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints simplifyTopWanteds WantedConstraints wanteds = do { wc_first_go <- TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. TcS a -> TcS a nestTcS (WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds WantedConstraints wanteds) -- This is where the main work happens ; dflags <- getDynFlags ; wc_defaulted <- try_tyvar_defaulting dflags wc_first_go -- See Note [Implementation of Unsatisfiable constraints] in GHC.Tc.Errors, -- point (C). ; useUnsatisfiableGivens wc_defaulted } where try_tyvar_defaulting :: DynFlags -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_tyvar_defaulting :: DynFlags -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_tyvar_defaulting DynFlags dflags WantedConstraints wc | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wc = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return WantedConstraints wc | WantedConstraints -> Bool insolubleWC WantedConstraints wc , GeneralFlag -> DynFlags -> Bool gopt GeneralFlag Opt_PrintExplicitRuntimeReps DynFlags dflags -- See Note [Defaulting insolubles] = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_class_defaulting WantedConstraints wc | Bool otherwise = do { -- Need to zonk first, as the WantedConstraints are not yet zonked. ; free_tvs <- [TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar] TcS.zonkTyCoVarsAndFVList (WantedConstraints -> [TyVar] tyCoVarsOfWCList WantedConstraints wc) ; let defaultable_tvs = (TyVar -> Bool) -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] filter TyVar -> Bool can_default [TyVar] free_tvs can_default TyVar tv = TyVar -> Bool isTyVar TyVar tv -- Weed out coercion variables. Bool -> Bool -> Bool && TyVar -> Bool isMetaTyVar TyVar tv -- Weed out runtime-skolems in GHCi, which we definitely -- shouldn't try to default. Bool -> Bool -> Bool && Bool -> Bool not (TyVar tv TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` WantedConstraints -> VarSet nonDefaultableTyVarsOfWC WantedConstraints wc) -- Weed out variables for which defaulting would be unhelpful, -- e.g. alpha appearing in [W] alpha[conc] ~# rr[sk]. ; defaulted <- mapM defaultTyVarTcS defaultable_tvs -- Has unification side effects ; if or defaulted then do { wc_residual <- nestTcS (solveWanteds wc) -- See Note [Must simplify after defaulting] ; try_class_defaulting wc_residual } else try_class_defaulting wc } -- No defaulting took place try_class_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_class_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_class_defaulting WantedConstraints wc | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wc Bool -> Bool -> Bool || WantedConstraints -> Bool insolubleWC WantedConstraints wc -- See Note [Defaulting insolubles] = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_callstack_defaulting WantedConstraints wc | Bool otherwise -- See Note [When to do type-class defaulting] = do { something_happened <- WantedConstraints -> TcS Bool applyDefaultingRules WantedConstraints wc -- See Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan] ; if something_happened then do { wc_residual <- nestTcS (solveWanteds wc) ; try_class_defaulting wc_residual } -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence else try_callstack_defaulting wc } try_callstack_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_callstack_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints try_callstack_defaulting WantedConstraints wc = [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints defaultConstraints [CtDefaultingStrategy defaultCallStack, CtDefaultingStrategy defaultExceptionContext] WantedConstraints wc -- | If an implication contains a Given of the form @Unsatisfiable msg@, use -- it to solve all Wanteds within the implication. -- -- This does a complete walk over the implication tree. -- -- See point (C) in Note [Implementation of Unsatisfiable constraints] in GHC.Tc.Errors. useUnsatisfiableGivens :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints useUnsatisfiableGivens :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints useUnsatisfiableGivens WantedConstraints wc = do { (final_wc, did_work) <- (StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints -> Bool -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bool) forall s (m :: * -> *) a. StateT s m a -> s -> m (a, s) `runStateT` Bool False) (StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bool)) -> StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bool) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ WantedConstraints -> StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints go_wc WantedConstraints wc ; if did_work then nestTcS (solveWanteds final_wc) else return final_wc } where go_wc :: WantedConstraints -> StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints go_wc (WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts wtds, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication impls, wc_errors :: WantedConstraints -> Bag DelayedError wc_errors = Bag DelayedError errs }) = do impls' <- (Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> Bag Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Bag Implication) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m (Maybe b)) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b) mapMaybeBagM Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) go_impl Bag Implication impls return $ WC { wc_simple = wtds, wc_impl = impls', wc_errors = errs } go_impl :: Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) go_impl Implication impl | ImplicStatus -> Bool isSolvedStatus (Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status Implication impl) = Maybe Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a. a -> StateT Bool TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Maybe Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> Maybe Implication -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Implication -> Maybe Implication forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Implication impl -- Is there a Given with type "Unsatisfiable msg"? -- If so, use it to solve all other Wanteds. | (TyVar, Type) unsat_given:[(TyVar, Type)] _ <- (TyVar -> Maybe (TyVar, Type)) -> [TyVar] -> [(TyVar, Type)] forall a b. (a -> Maybe b) -> [a] -> [b] mapMaybe TyVar -> Maybe (TyVar, Type) unsatisfiableEv_maybe (Implication -> [TyVar] ic_given Implication impl) = do { Bool -> StateT Bool TcS () forall (m :: * -> *) s. Monad m => s -> StateT s m () put Bool True ; TcS (Maybe Implication) -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => m a -> StateT Bool m a forall (t :: (* -> *) -> * -> *) (m :: * -> *) a. (MonadTrans t, Monad m) => m a -> t m a lift (TcS (Maybe Implication) -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> TcS (Maybe Implication) -> StateT Bool TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ (TyVar, Type) -> Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplicationUsingUnsatGiven (TyVar, Type) unsat_given Implication impl } -- Otherwise, recurse. | Bool otherwise = do { wcs' <- WantedConstraints -> StateT Bool TcS WantedConstraints go_wc (Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted Implication impl) ; lift $ setImplicationStatus $ impl { ic_wanted = wcs' } } -- | Is this evidence variable the evidence for an 'Unsatisfiable' constraint? -- -- If so, return the variable itself together with the error message type. unsatisfiableEv_maybe :: EvVar -> Maybe (EvVar, Type) unsatisfiableEv_maybe :: TyVar -> Maybe (TyVar, Type) unsatisfiableEv_maybe TyVar v = (TyVar v,) (Type -> (TyVar, Type)) -> Maybe Type -> Maybe (TyVar, Type) forall (f :: * -> *) a b. Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b <$> Type -> Maybe Type isUnsatisfiableCt_maybe (TyVar -> Type idType TyVar v) -- | We have an implication with an 'Unsatisfiable' Given; use that Given to -- solve all the other Wanted constraints, including those nested within -- deeper implications. solveImplicationUsingUnsatGiven :: (EvVar, Type) -> Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplicationUsingUnsatGiven :: (TyVar, Type) -> Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplicationUsingUnsatGiven unsat_given :: (TyVar, Type) unsat_given@(TyVar given_ev,Type _) impl :: Implication impl@(Implic { ic_wanted :: Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted = WantedConstraints wtd, ic_tclvl :: Implication -> TcLevel ic_tclvl = TcLevel tclvl, ic_binds :: Implication -> EvBindsVar ic_binds = EvBindsVar ev_binds_var, ic_need_inner :: Implication -> VarSet ic_need_inner = VarSet inner }) | EvBindsVar -> Bool isCoEvBindsVar EvBindsVar ev_binds_var -- We can't use Unsatisfiable evidence in kinds. -- See Note [Coercion evidence only] in GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence. = Maybe Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Maybe Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> Maybe Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Implication -> Maybe Implication forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Implication impl | Bool otherwise = do { wcs <- EvBindsVar -> TcLevel -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. EvBindsVar -> TcLevel -> TcS a -> TcS a nestImplicTcS EvBindsVar ev_binds_var TcLevel tclvl (TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints) -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints go_wc WantedConstraints wtd ; setImplicationStatus $ impl { ic_wanted = wcs , ic_need_inner = inner `extendVarSet` given_ev } } where go_wc :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints go_wc :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints go_wc wc :: WantedConstraints wc@(WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts wtds, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication impls }) = do { (Ct -> TcS ()) -> Cts -> TcS () forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Bag a -> m () mapBagM_ Ct -> TcS () go_simple Cts wtds ; impls <- (Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> Bag Implication -> TcS (Bag Implication) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m (Maybe b)) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b) mapMaybeBagM ((TyVar, Type) -> Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplicationUsingUnsatGiven (TyVar, Type) unsat_given) Bag Implication impls ; return $ wc { wc_simple = emptyBag, wc_impl = impls } } go_simple :: Ct -> TcS () go_simple :: Ct -> TcS () go_simple Ct ct = case Ct -> CtEvidence ctEvidence Ct ct of CtWanted { ctev_pred :: CtEvidence -> Type ctev_pred = Type pty, ctev_dest :: CtEvidence -> TcEvDest ctev_dest = TcEvDest dst } -> do { ev_expr <- (TyVar, Type) -> Type -> TcS EvExpr unsatisfiableEvExpr (TyVar, Type) unsat_given Type pty ; setWantedEvTerm dst True $ EvExpr ev_expr } CtEvidence _ -> () -> TcS () forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return () -- | Create an evidence expression for an arbitrary constraint using -- evidence for an "Unsatisfiable" Given. -- -- See Note [Evidence terms from Unsatisfiable Givens] unsatisfiableEvExpr :: (EvVar, ErrorMsgType) -> PredType -> TcS EvExpr unsatisfiableEvExpr :: (TyVar, Type) -> Type -> TcS EvExpr unsatisfiableEvExpr (TyVar unsat_ev, Type given_msg) Type wtd_ty = do { mod <- TcS Module forall (m :: * -> *). HasModule m => m Module getModule -- If we're typechecking GHC.TypeError, return a bogus expression; -- it's only used for the ambiguity check, which throws the evidence away anyway. -- This avoids problems with circularity; where we are trying to look -- up the "unsatisfiable" Id while we are in the middle of typechecking it. ; if mod == gHC_INTERNAL_TYPEERROR then return (Var unsat_ev) else do { unsatisfiable_id <- tcLookupId unsatisfiableIdName -- See Note [Evidence terms from Unsatisfiable Givens] -- for a description of what evidence term we are constructing here. ; let -- (##) -=> wtd_ty fun_ty = HasDebugCallStack => FunTyFlag -> Type -> Type -> Type -> Type FunTyFlag -> Type -> Type -> Type -> Type mkFunTy FunTyFlag visArgConstraintLike Type ManyTy Type unboxedUnitTy Type wtd_ty mkDictBox = case Type -> BoxingInfo Any forall b. Type -> BoxingInfo b boxingDataCon Type fun_ty of BI_Box { bi_data_con :: forall b. BoxingInfo b -> DataCon bi_data_con = DataCon mkDictBox } -> DataCon mkDictBox BoxingInfo Any _ -> String -> SDoc -> DataCon forall a. HasCallStack => String -> SDoc -> a pprPanic String "unsatisfiableEvExpr: no DictBox!" (Type -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Type wtd_ty) dictBox = DataCon -> TyCon dataConTyCon DataCon mkDictBox ; ev_bndr <- mkSysLocalM (fsLit "ct") ManyTy fun_ty -- Dict ((##) -=> wtd_ty) ; let scrut_ty = TyCon -> [Type] -> Type mkTyConApp TyCon dictBox [Type fun_ty] -- unsatisfiable @{LiftedRep} @given_msg @(Dict ((##) -=> wtd_ty)) unsat_ev scrut = EvExpr -> [EvExpr] -> EvExpr mkCoreApps (TyVar -> EvExpr forall b. TyVar -> Expr b Var TyVar unsatisfiable_id) [ Type -> EvExpr forall b. Type -> Expr b Type Type liftedRepTy , Type -> EvExpr forall b. Type -> Expr b Type Type given_msg , Type -> EvExpr forall b. Type -> Expr b Type Type scrut_ty , TyVar -> EvExpr forall b. TyVar -> Expr b Var TyVar unsat_ev ] -- case scrut of { MkDictBox @((##) -=> wtd_ty)) ct -> ct (# #) } ev_expr = EvExpr -> Scaled Type -> Type -> [CoreAlt] -> EvExpr mkWildCase EvExpr scrut (Type -> Scaled Type forall a. a -> Scaled a unrestricted (Type -> Scaled Type) -> Type -> Scaled Type forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Type scrut_ty) Type wtd_ty [ AltCon -> [TyVar] -> EvExpr -> CoreAlt forall b. AltCon -> [b] -> Expr b -> Alt b Alt (DataCon -> AltCon DataAlt DataCon mkDictBox) [TyVar ev_bndr] (EvExpr -> CoreAlt) -> EvExpr -> CoreAlt forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ EvExpr -> [EvExpr] -> EvExpr mkCoreApps (TyVar -> EvExpr forall b. TyVar -> Expr b Var TyVar ev_bndr) [EvExpr unboxedUnitExpr] ] ; return ev_expr } } {- Note [Evidence terms from Unsatisfiable Givens] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An Unsatisfiable Given constraint, of the form [G] Unsatisfiable msg, should be able to solve ANY Wanted constraint whatsoever. Recall that we have unsatisfiable :: forall {rep} (msg :: ErrorMessage) (a :: TYPE rep) . Unsatisfiable msg => a We want to use this function, together with the evidence [G] unsat_ev :: Unsatisfiable msg, to solve any other constraint [W] wtd_ty. We could naively think that a valid evidence term for the Wanted might be: wanted_ev = unsatisfiable @{rep} @msg @wtd_ty unsat_ev Unfortunately, this is a kind error: "wtd_ty :: CONSTRAINT rep", but "unsatisfiable" expects the third type argument to be of kind "TYPE rep". Instead, we use a boxing data constructor to box the constraint into a type. In the end, we construct the following evidence for the implication: [G] unsat_ev :: Unsatisfiable msg ==> [W] wtd_ev :: wtd_ty wtd_ev = case unsatisfiable @{LiftedRep} @msg @(Dict ((##) -=> wtd_ty)) unsat_ev of MkDictBox ct -> ct (# #) Note that we play the same trick with the function arrow -=> that we did in order to define "unsatisfiable" in terms of "unsatisfiableLifted", as described in Note [The Unsatisfiable representation-polymorphism trick] in base:GHC.TypeError. This allows us to indirectly box constraints with different representations (such as primitive equality constraints). -} -- | A 'TcS' action which can may default a 'Ct'. type CtDefaultingStrategy = Ct -> MaybeT TcS () -- | Default @ExceptionContext@ constraints to @emptyExceptionContext@. defaultExceptionContext :: CtDefaultingStrategy defaultExceptionContext :: CtDefaultingStrategy defaultExceptionContext Ct ct = do { ClassPred cls tys <- Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred forall a. a -> MaybeT TcS a forall (f :: * -> *) a. Applicative f => a -> f a pure (Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred) -> Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Type -> Pred classifyPredType (Ct -> Type ctPred Ct ct) ; Just {} <- pure $ isExceptionContextPred cls tys ; emptyEC <- Var <$> lift (lookupId emptyExceptionContextName) ; let ev = Ct -> CtEvidence ctEvidence Ct ct ; let ev_tm = EvExpr -> TcCoercion -> EvTerm mkEvCast EvExpr emptyEC (Type -> TcCoercion wrapIP (CtEvidence -> Type ctEvPred CtEvidence ev)) ; lift $ warnTcS $ TcRnDefaultedExceptionContext (ctLoc ct) ; lift $ setEvBindIfWanted ev False ev_tm } -- | Default any remaining @CallStack@ constraints to empty @CallStack@s. -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence defaultCallStack :: CtDefaultingStrategy defaultCallStack :: CtDefaultingStrategy defaultCallStack Ct ct = do { ClassPred cls tys <- Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred forall a. a -> MaybeT TcS a forall (f :: * -> *) a. Applicative f => a -> f a pure (Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred) -> Pred -> MaybeT TcS Pred forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Type -> Pred classifyPredType (Ct -> Type ctPred Ct ct) ; Just {} <- pure $ isCallStackPred cls tys ; lift $ solveCallStack (ctEvidence ct) EvCsEmpty } defaultConstraints :: [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence defaultConstraints :: [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints defaultConstraints [CtDefaultingStrategy] defaulting_strategies WantedConstraints wanteds | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wanteds = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return WantedConstraints wanteds | Bool otherwise = do simples <- Cts -> TcS Cts handle_simples (WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple WantedConstraints wanteds) mb_implics <- mapBagM handle_implic (wc_impl wanteds) return (wanteds { wc_simple = simples , wc_impl = catBagMaybes mb_implics }) where handle_simples :: Bag Ct -> TcS (Bag Ct) handle_simples :: Cts -> TcS Cts handle_simples Cts simples = Bag (Maybe Ct) -> Cts forall a. Bag (Maybe a) -> Bag a catBagMaybes (Bag (Maybe Ct) -> Cts) -> TcS (Bag (Maybe Ct)) -> TcS Cts forall (f :: * -> *) a b. Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b <$> (Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct)) -> Cts -> TcS (Bag (Maybe Ct)) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b) mapBagM Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct) handle_simple Cts simples where handle_simple :: Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct) handle_simple :: Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct) handle_simple Ct ct = [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> TcS (Maybe Ct) go [CtDefaultingStrategy] defaulting_strategies where go :: [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> TcS (Maybe Ct) go [] = Maybe Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Ct -> Maybe Ct forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Ct ct) go (CtDefaultingStrategy f:[CtDefaultingStrategy] fs) = do mb <- MaybeT TcS () -> TcS (Maybe ()) forall (m :: * -> *) a. MaybeT m a -> m (Maybe a) runMaybeT (CtDefaultingStrategy f Ct ct) case mb of Just () -> Maybe Ct -> TcS (Maybe Ct) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Maybe Ct forall a. Maybe a Nothing Maybe () Nothing -> [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> TcS (Maybe Ct) go [CtDefaultingStrategy] fs handle_implic :: Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) -- The Maybe is because solving the CallStack constraint -- may well allow us to discard the implication entirely handle_implic :: Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) handle_implic Implication implic | ImplicStatus -> Bool isSolvedStatus (Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status Implication implic) = Maybe Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Implication -> Maybe Implication forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Implication implic) | Bool otherwise = do { wanteds <- EvBindsVar -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. EvBindsVar -> TcS a -> TcS a setEvBindsTcS (Implication -> EvBindsVar ic_binds Implication implic) (TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints) -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ -- defaultCallStack sets a binding, so -- we must set the correct binding group [CtDefaultingStrategy] -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints defaultConstraints [CtDefaultingStrategy] defaulting_strategies (Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted Implication implic) ; setImplicationStatus (implic { ic_wanted = wanteds }) } {- Note [When to do type-class defaulting] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In GHC 7.6 and 7.8.2, we did type-class defaulting only if insolubleWC was false, on the grounds that defaulting can't help solve insoluble constraints. But if we *don't* do defaulting we may report a whole lot of errors that would be solved by defaulting; these errors are quite spurious because fixing the single insoluble error means that defaulting happens again, which makes all the other errors go away. This is jolly confusing: #9033. So it seems better to always do type-class defaulting. However, always doing defaulting does mean that we'll do it in situations like this (#5934): run :: (forall s. GenST s) -> Int run = fromInteger 0 We don't unify the return type of fromInteger with the given function type, because the latter involves foralls. So we're left with (Num alpha, alpha ~ (forall s. GenST s) -> Int) Now we do defaulting, get alpha := Integer, and report that we can't match Integer with (forall s. GenST s) -> Int. That's not totally stupid, but perhaps a little strange. Another potential alternative would be to suppress *all* non-insoluble errors if there are *any* insoluble errors, anywhere, but that seems too drastic. Note [Don't default in syntactic equalities] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When there are unsolved syntactic equalities such as rr[sk] ~S# alpha[conc] we should not default alpha, lest we obtain a poor error message such as Couldn't match kind `rr' with `LiftedRep' We would rather preserve the original syntactic equality to be reported to the user, especially as the concrete metavariable alpha might store an informative origin for the user. Note [Must simplify after defaulting] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We may have a deeply buried constraint (t:*) ~ (a:Open) which we couldn't solve because of the kind incompatibility, and 'a' is free. Then when we default 'a' we can solve the constraint. And we want to do that before starting in on type classes. We MUST do it before reporting errors, because it isn't an error! #7967 was due to this. Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We have considered two design choices for where/when to apply defaulting. (i) Do it in SimplCheck mode only /whenever/ you try to solve some simple constraints, maybe deep inside the context of implications. This used to be the case in GHC 7.4.1. (ii) Do it in a tight loop at simplifyTop, once all other constraints have finished. This is the current story. Option (i) had many disadvantages: a) Firstly, it was deep inside the actual solver. b) Secondly, it was dependent on the context (Infer a type signature, or Check a type signature, or Interactive) since we did not want to always start defaulting when inferring (though there is an exception to this, see Note [Default while Inferring]). c) It plainly did not work. Consider typecheck/should_compile/DfltProb2.hs: f :: Int -> Bool f x = const True (\y -> let w :: a -> a w a = const a (y+1) in w y) We will get an implication constraint (for beta the type of y): [untch=beta] forall a. 0 => Num beta which we really cannot default /while solving/ the implication, since beta is untouchable. Instead our new defaulting story is to pull defaulting out of the solver loop and go with option (ii), implemented at SimplifyTop. Namely: - First, have a go at solving the residual constraint of the whole program - Try to approximate it with a simple constraint - Figure out derived defaulting equations for that simple constraint - Go round the loop again if you did manage to get some equations Now, that has to do with class defaulting. However there exists type variable /kind/ defaulting. Again this is done at the top-level and the plan is: - At the top-level, once you had a go at solving the constraint, do figure out /all/ the touchable unification variables of the wanted constraints. - Apply defaulting to their kinds More details in Note [DefaultTyVar]. Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In Safe Haskell, we apply an extra restriction to overlapping instances. The motive is to prevent untrusted code provided by a third-party, changing the behavior of trusted code through type-classes. This is due to the global and implicit nature of type-classes that can hide the source of the dictionary. Another way to state this is: if a module M compiles without importing another module N, changing M to import N shouldn't change the behavior of M. Overlapping instances with type-classes can violate this principle. However, overlapping instances aren't always unsafe. They are just unsafe when the most selected dictionary comes from untrusted code (code compiled with -XSafe) and overlaps instances provided by other modules. In particular, in Safe Haskell at a call site with overlapping instances, we apply the following rule to determine if it is a 'unsafe' overlap: 1) Most specific instance, I1, defined in an `-XSafe` compiled module. 2) I1 is an orphan instance or a MPTC. 3) At least one overlapped instance, Ix, is both: A) from a different module than I1 B) Ix is not marked `OVERLAPPABLE` This is a slightly involved heuristic, but captures the situation of an imported module N changing the behavior of existing code. For example, if condition (2) isn't violated, then the module author M must depend either on a type-class or type defined in N. Secondly, when should these heuristics be enforced? We enforced them when the type-class method call site is in a module marked `-XSafe` or `-XTrustworthy`. This allows `-XUnsafe` modules to operate without restriction, and for Safe Haskell inference to infer modules with unsafe overlaps as unsafe. One alternative design would be to also consider if an instance was imported as a `safe` import or not and only apply the restriction to instances imported safely. However, since instances are global and can be imported through more than one path, this alternative doesn't work. Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances Implementation] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ How is this implemented? It's complicated! So we'll step through it all: 1) `InstEnv.lookupInstEnv` -- Performs instance resolution, so this is where we check if a particular type-class method call is safe or unsafe. We do this through the return type, `ClsInstLookupResult`, where the last parameter is a list of instances that are unsafe to overlap. When the method call is safe, the list is null. 2) `GHC.Tc.Solver.Dict.matchClassInst` -- This module drives the instance resolution / dictionary generation. The return type is `ClsInstResult`, which either says no instance matched, or one found, and if it was a safe or unsafe overlap. 3) `GHC.Tc.Solver.Dict.tryInstances` -- Takes a dictionary / class constraint and tries to resolve it by calling (in part) `matchClassInst`. The resolving mechanism has a work list (of constraints) that it process one at a time. If the constraint can't be resolved, it's added to an inert set. When compiling an `-XSafe` or `-XTrustworthy` module, we follow this approach as we know compilation should fail. These are handled as normal constraint resolution failures from here-on (see step 6). Otherwise, we may be inferring safety (or using `-Wunsafe`), and compilation should succeed, but print warnings and/or mark the compiled module as `-XUnsafe`. In this case, we call `insertSafeOverlapFailureTcS` which adds the unsafe (but resolved!) constraint to the `inert_safehask` field of `InertCans`. 4) `GHC.Tc.Solver.simplifyTop`: * Call simplifyTopWanteds, the top-level function for driving the simplifier for constraint resolution. * Once finished, call `getSafeOverlapFailures` to retrieve the list of overlapping instances that were successfully resolved, but unsafe. Remember, this is only applicable for generating warnings (`-Wunsafe`) or inferring a module unsafe. `-XSafe` and `-XTrustworthy` cause compilation failure by not resolving the unsafe constraint at all. * For unresolved constraints (all types), call `GHC.Tc.Errors.reportUnsolved`, while for resolved but unsafe overlapping dictionary constraints, call `GHC.Tc.Errors.warnAllUnsolved`. Both functions convert constraints into a warning message for the user. * In the case of `warnAllUnsolved` for resolved, but unsafe dictionary constraints, we collect the generated warning message (pop it) and call `GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad.recordUnsafeInfer` to mark the module we are compiling as unsafe, passing the warning message along as the reason. 5) `GHC.Tc.Errors.*Unsolved` -- Generates error messages for constraints by actually calling `InstEnv.lookupInstEnv` again! Yes, confusing, but all we know is the constraint that is unresolved or unsafe. For dictionary, all we know is that we need a dictionary of type C, but not what instances are available and how they overlap. So we once again call `lookupInstEnv` to figure that out so we can generate a helpful error message. 6) `GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad.recordUnsafeInfer` -- Save the unsafe result and reason in IORefs called `tcg_safe_infer` and `tcg_safe_infer_reason`. 7) `GHC.Driver.Main.tcRnModule'` -- Reads `tcg_safe_infer` after type-checking, calling `GHC.Driver.Main.markUnsafeInfer` (passing the reason along) when safe-inference failed. Note [No defaulting in the ambiguity check] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When simplifying constraints for the ambiguity check, we use solveWanteds, not simplifyTopWanteds, so that we do no defaulting. #11947 was an example: f :: Num a => Int -> Int This is ambiguous of course, but we don't want to default the (Num alpha) constraint to (Num Int)! Doing so gives a defaulting warning, but no error. Note [Defaulting insolubles] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If a set of wanteds is insoluble, we have no hope of accepting the program. Yet we do not stop constraint solving, etc., because we may simplify the wanteds to produce better error messages. So, once we have an insoluble constraint, everything we do is just about producing helpful error messages. Should we default in this case or not? Let's look at an example (tcfail004): (f,g) = (1,2,3) With defaulting, we get a conflict between (a0,b0) and (Integer,Integer,Integer). Without defaulting, we get a conflict between (a0,b0) and (a1,b1,c1). I (Richard) find the latter more helpful. Several other test cases (e.g. tcfail005) suggest similarly. So: we should not do class defaulting with insolubles. On the other hand, RuntimeRep-defaulting is different. Witness tcfail078: f :: Integer i => i f = 0 Without RuntimeRep-defaulting, we GHC suggests that Integer should have kind TYPE r0 -> Constraint and then complains that r0 is actually untouchable (presumably, because it can't be sure if `Integer i` entails an equality). If we default, we are told of a clash between (* -> Constraint) and Constraint. The latter seems far better, suggesting we *should* do RuntimeRep-defaulting even on insolubles. But, evidently, not always. Witness UnliftedNewtypesInfinite: newtype Foo = FooC (# Int#, Foo #) This should fail with an occurs-check error on the kind of Foo (with -XUnliftedNewtypes). If we default RuntimeRep-vars, we get Expecting a lifted type, but ‘(# Int#, Foo #)’ is unlifted which is just plain wrong. Another situation in which we don't want to default involves concrete metavariables. In equalities such as alpha[conc] ~# rr[sk] , alpha[conc] ~# RR beta[tau] for a type family RR (all at kind RuntimeRep), we would prefer to report a representation-polymorphism error rather than default alpha and get error: Could not unify `rr` with `Lifted` / Could not unify `RR b0` with `Lifted` which is very confusing. For this reason, we weed out the concrete metavariables participating in such equalities in nonDefaultableTyVarsOfWC. Just looking at insolublity is not enough, as `alpha[conc] ~# RR beta[tau]` could become soluble after defaulting beta (see also #21430). Conclusion: we should do RuntimeRep-defaulting on insolubles only when the user does not want to hear about RuntimeRep stuff -- that is, when -fprint-explicit-runtime-reps is not set. However, we must still take care not to default concrete type variables participating in an equality with a non-concrete type, as seen in the last example above. -} ------------------ simplifyAmbiguityCheck :: Type -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () simplifyAmbiguityCheck :: Type -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () simplifyAmbiguityCheck Type ty WantedConstraints wanteds = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyAmbiguityCheck {" (SDoc -> TcM ()) -> SDoc -> TcM () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "type = " SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> Type -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Type ty SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsDoc doc => doc -> doc -> doc $$ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "wanted = " SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> WantedConstraints -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr WantedConstraints wanteds ; (final_wc, _) <- TcS WantedConstraints -> TcM (WantedConstraints, EvBindMap) forall a. TcS a -> TcM (a, EvBindMap) runTcS (TcS WantedConstraints -> TcM (WantedConstraints, EvBindMap)) -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcM (WantedConstraints, EvBindMap) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints useUnsatisfiableGivens (WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints) -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> m a -> m b =<< WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds WantedConstraints wanteds -- NB: no defaulting! See Note [No defaulting in the ambiguity check] -- Note: we do still use Unsatisfiable Givens to solve Wanteds, -- see Wrinkle [Ambiguity] under point (C) of -- Note [Implementation of Unsatisfiable constraints] in GHC.Tc.Errors. ; discardResult (reportUnsolved final_wc) ; traceTc "End simplifyAmbiguityCheck }" empty } ------------------ simplifyInteractive :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyInteractive :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyInteractive WantedConstraints wanteds = String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyInteractive" SDoc forall doc. IsOutput doc => doc empty TcM () -> TcM (Bag EvBind) -> TcM (Bag EvBind) forall a b. IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) b -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) b forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b >> WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind) simplifyTop WantedConstraints wanteds ------------------ simplifyDefault :: ThetaType -- Wanted; has no type variables in it -> TcM Bool -- Return if the constraint is soluble simplifyDefault :: [Type] -> TcM Bool simplifyDefault [Type] theta = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyDefault" SDoc forall doc. IsOutput doc => doc empty ; wanteds <- CtOrigin -> [Type] -> TcM [CtEvidence] newWanteds CtOrigin DefaultOrigin [Type] theta ; (unsolved, _) <- runTcS (solveWanteds (mkSimpleWC wanteds)) ; return (isEmptyWC unsolved) } ------------------ {- Note [Pattern match warnings with insoluble Givens] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A pattern match on a GADT can introduce new type-level information, which needs to be analysed in order to get the expected pattern match warnings. For example: > type IsBool :: Type -> Constraint > type family IsBool a where > IsBool Bool = () > IsBool b = b ~ Bool > > data T a where > MkTInt :: Int -> T Int > MkTBool :: IsBool b => b -> T b > > f :: T Int -> Int > f (MkTInt i) = i The pattern matching performed by `f` is complete: we can't ever call `f (MkTBool b)`, as type-checking that application would require producing evidence for `Int ~ Bool`, which can't be done. The pattern match checker uses `tcCheckGivens` to accumulate all the Given constraints, and relies on `tcCheckGivens` to return Nothing if the Givens become insoluble. `tcCheckGivens` in turn relies on `insolubleCt` to identify these insoluble constraints. So the precise definition of `insolubleCt` has a big effect on pattern match overlap warnings. To detect this situation, we check whether there are any insoluble Given constraints. In the example above, the insoluble constraint was an equality constraint, but it is also important to detect custom type errors: > type NotInt :: Type -> Constraint > type family NotInt a where > NotInt Int = TypeError (Text "That's Int, silly.") > NotInt _ = () > > data R a where > MkT1 :: a -> R a > MkT2 :: NotInt a => R a > > foo :: R Int -> Int > foo (MkT1 x) = x To see that we can't call `foo (MkT2)`, we must detect that `NotInt Int` is insoluble because it is a custom type error. Failing to do so proved quite inconvenient for users, as evidence by the tickets #11503 #14141 #16377 #20180. Test cases: T11503, T14141. Examples of constraints that tcCheckGivens considers insoluble: - Int ~ Bool, - Coercible Float Word, - TypeError msg. Non-examples: - constraints which we know aren't satisfied, e.g. Show (Int -> Int) when no such instance is in scope, - Eq (TypeError msg), - C (Int ~ Bool), with @class C (c :: Constraint)@. -} tcCheckGivens :: InertSet -> Bag EvVar -> TcM (Maybe InertSet) -- ^ Return (Just new_inerts) if the Givens are satisfiable, Nothing if definitely -- contradictory. -- -- See Note [Pattern match warnings with insoluble Givens] above. tcCheckGivens :: InertSet -> Bag TyVar -> TcM (Maybe InertSet) tcCheckGivens InertSet inerts Bag TyVar given_ids = do (sat, new_inerts) <- InertSet -> TcS Bool -> TcM (Bool, InertSet) forall a. InertSet -> TcS a -> TcM (a, InertSet) runTcSInerts InertSet inerts (TcS Bool -> TcM (Bool, InertSet)) -> TcS Bool -> TcM (Bool, InertSet) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ do String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "checkGivens {" (InertSet -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr InertSet inerts SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> Bag TyVar -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Bag TyVar given_ids) lcl_env <- TcS TcLclEnv TcS.getLclEnv let given_loc = TcLevel -> SkolemInfoAnon -> CtLocEnv -> CtLoc mkGivenLoc TcLevel topTcLevel (SkolemInfo -> SkolemInfoAnon getSkolemInfo SkolemInfo HasCallStack => SkolemInfo unkSkol) (TcLclEnv -> CtLocEnv mkCtLocEnv TcLclEnv lcl_env) let given_cts = CtLoc -> [TyVar] -> [Ct] mkGivens CtLoc given_loc (Bag TyVar -> [TyVar] forall a. Bag a -> [a] bagToList Bag TyVar given_ids) -- See Note [Superclasses and satisfiability] solveSimpleGivens given_cts insols <- getInertInsols insols <- try_harder insols traceTcS "checkGivens }" (ppr insols) return (isEmptyBag insols) return $ if sat then Just new_inerts else Nothing where try_harder :: Cts -> TcS Cts -- Maybe we have to search up the superclass chain to find -- an unsatisfiable constraint. Example: pmcheck/T3927b. -- At the moment we try just once try_harder :: Cts -> TcS Cts try_harder Cts insols | Bool -> Bool not (Cts -> Bool forall a. Bag a -> Bool isEmptyBag Cts insols) -- We've found that it's definitely unsatisfiable = Cts -> TcS Cts forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Cts insols -- Hurrah -- stop now. | Bool otherwise = do { pending_given <- TcS [Ct] getPendingGivenScs ; new_given <- makeSuperClasses pending_given ; solveSimpleGivens new_given ; getInertInsols } tcCheckWanteds :: InertSet -> ThetaType -> TcM Bool -- ^ Return True if the Wanteds are soluble, False if not tcCheckWanteds :: InertSet -> [Type] -> TcM Bool tcCheckWanteds InertSet inerts [Type] wanteds = do cts <- CtOrigin -> [Type] -> TcM [CtEvidence] newWanteds CtOrigin PatCheckOrigin [Type] wanteds (sat, _new_inerts) <- runTcSInerts inerts $ do traceTcS "checkWanteds {" (ppr inerts <+> ppr wanteds) -- See Note [Superclasses and satisfiability] wcs <- solveWanteds (mkSimpleWC cts) traceTcS "checkWanteds }" (ppr wcs) return (isSolvedWC wcs) return sat -- | Normalise a type as much as possible using the given constraints. -- See @Note [tcNormalise]@. tcNormalise :: InertSet -> Type -> TcM Type tcNormalise :: InertSet -> Type -> TcM Type tcNormalise InertSet inerts Type ty = do { norm_loc <- CtOrigin -> Maybe TypeOrKind -> TcM CtLoc getCtLocM CtOrigin PatCheckOrigin Maybe TypeOrKind forall a. Maybe a Nothing ; (res, _new_inerts) <- runTcSInerts inerts $ do { traceTcS "tcNormalise {" (ppr inerts) ; ty' <- rewriteType norm_loc ty ; traceTcS "tcNormalise }" (ppr ty') ; pure ty' } ; return res } {- Note [Superclasses and satisfiability] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Expand superclasses before starting, because (Int ~ Bool), has (Int ~~ Bool) as a superclass, which in turn has (Int ~N# Bool) as a superclass, and it's the latter that is insoluble. See Note [The equality types story] in GHC.Builtin.Types.Prim. If we fail to prove unsatisfiability we (arbitrarily) try just once to find superclasses, using try_harder. Reason: we might have a type signature f :: F op (Implements push) => .. where F is a type function. This happened in #3972. We could do more than once but we'd have to have /some/ limit: in the the recursive case, we would go on forever in the common case where the constraints /are/ satisfiable (#10592 comment:12!). For straightforward situations without type functions the try_harder step does nothing. Note [tcNormalise] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tcNormalise is a rather atypical entrypoint to the constraint solver. Whereas most invocations of the constraint solver are intended to simplify a set of constraints or to decide if a particular set of constraints is satisfiable, the purpose of tcNormalise is to take a type, plus some locally solved constraints in the form of an InertSet, and normalise the type as much as possible with respect to those constraints. It does *not* reduce type or data family applications or look through newtypes. Why is this useful? As one example, when coverage-checking an EmptyCase expression, it's possible that the type of the scrutinee will only reduce if some local equalities are solved for. See "Wrinkle: Local equalities" in Note [Type normalisation] in "GHC.HsToCore.Pmc". To accomplish its stated goal, tcNormalise first initialises the solver monad with the given InertCans, then uses rewriteType to simplify the desired type with respect to the Givens in the InertCans. *********************************************************************************** * * * Inference * * *********************************************************************************** Note [Inferring the type of a let-bound variable] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider f x = rhs To infer f's type we do the following: * Gather the constraints for the RHS with ambient level *one more than* the current one. This is done by the call pushLevelAndCaptureConstraints (tcMonoBinds...) in GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.tcPolyInfer * Call simplifyInfer to simplify the constraints and decide what to quantify over. We pass in the level used for the RHS constraints, here called rhs_tclvl. This ensures that the implication constraint we generate, if any, has a strictly-increased level compared to the ambient level outside the let binding. Note [Inferring principal types] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We don't always infer principal types. For instance, the inferred type for > f x = show [x] is > f :: Show a => a -> String This is not the most general type if we allow flexible contexts. Indeed, if we try to write the following > g :: Show [a] => a -> String > g x = f x we get the error: * Could not deduce (Show a) arising from a use of `f' from the context: Show [a] Though replacing f x in the right-hand side of g with the definition of f x works, the call to f x does not. This is the hallmark of unprincip{led,al} types. Another example: > class C a > class D a where > d :: a > instance C a => D a where > d = undefined > h _ = d -- argument is to avoid the monomorphism restriction The inferred type for h is > h :: C a => t -> a even though > h :: D a => t -> a is more general. The fix is easy: don't simplify constraints before inferring a type. That is, have the inferred type quantify over all constraints that arise in a definition's right-hand side, even if they are simplifiable. Unfortunately, this would yield all manner of unwieldy types, and so we won't do so. -} -- | How should we choose which constraints to quantify over? data InferMode = ApplyMR -- ^ Apply the monomorphism restriction, -- never quantifying over any constraints | EagerDefaulting -- ^ See Note [TcRnExprMode] in "GHC.Tc.Module", -- the :type +d case; this mode refuses -- to quantify over any defaultable constraint | NoRestrictions -- ^ Quantify over any constraint that -- satisfies pickQuantifiablePreds instance Outputable InferMode where ppr :: InferMode -> SDoc ppr InferMode ApplyMR = String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "ApplyMR" ppr InferMode EagerDefaulting = String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "EagerDefaulting" ppr InferMode NoRestrictions = String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "NoRestrictions" simplifyInfer :: TcLevel -- Used when generating the constraints -> InferMode -> [TcIdSigInst] -- Any signatures (possibly partial) -> [(Name, TcTauType)] -- Variables to be generalised, -- and their tau-types -> WantedConstraints -> TcM ([TcTyVar], -- Quantify over these type variables [EvVar], -- ... and these constraints (fully zonked) TcEvBinds, -- ... binding these evidence variables Bool) -- True <=> the residual constraints are insoluble simplifyInfer :: TcLevel -> InferMode -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [(Name, Type)] -> WantedConstraints -> TcM ([TyVar], [TyVar], TcEvBinds, Bool) simplifyInfer TcLevel rhs_tclvl InferMode infer_mode [TcIdSigInst] sigs [(Name, Type)] name_taus WantedConstraints wanteds | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wanteds = do { -- When quantifying, we want to preserve any order of variables as they -- appear in partial signatures. cf. decideQuantifiedTyVars let psig_tv_tys :: [Type] psig_tv_tys = [ TyVar -> Type mkTyVarTy TyVar tv | TcIdSigInst sig <- [TcIdSigInst] partial_sigs , (Name _,Bndr TyVar tv Specificity _) <- TcIdSigInst -> [(Name, InvisTVBinder)] sig_inst_skols TcIdSigInst sig ] psig_theta :: [Type] psig_theta = [ Type pred | TcIdSigInst sig <- [TcIdSigInst] partial_sigs , Type pred <- TcIdSigInst -> [Type] sig_inst_theta TcIdSigInst sig ] ; dep_vars <- [Type] -> TcM CandidatesQTvs candidateQTyVarsOfTypes ([Type] psig_tv_tys [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] psig_theta [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ ((Name, Type) -> Type) -> [(Name, Type)] -> [Type] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map (Name, Type) -> Type forall a b. (a, b) -> b snd [(Name, Type)] name_taus) ; skol_info <- mkSkolemInfo (InferSkol name_taus) ; qtkvs <- quantifyTyVars skol_info DefaultNonStandardTyVars dep_vars ; traceTc "simplifyInfer: empty WC" (ppr name_taus $$ ppr qtkvs) ; return (qtkvs, [], emptyTcEvBinds, False) } | Bool otherwise = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyInfer {" (SDoc -> TcM ()) -> SDoc -> TcM () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [SDoc] -> SDoc forall doc. IsDoc doc => [doc] -> doc vcat [ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "sigs =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> [TcIdSigInst] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [TcIdSigInst] sigs , String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "binds =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> [(Name, Type)] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [(Name, Type)] name_taus , String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "rhs_tclvl =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> TcLevel -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr TcLevel rhs_tclvl , String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "infer_mode =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> InferMode -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr InferMode infer_mode , String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "(unzonked) wanted =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> WantedConstraints -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr WantedConstraints wanteds ] ; let psig_theta :: [Type] psig_theta = (TcIdSigInst -> [Type]) -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [Type] forall (t :: * -> *) a b. Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] concatMap TcIdSigInst -> [Type] sig_inst_theta [TcIdSigInst] partial_sigs -- First do full-blown solving -- NB: we must gather up all the bindings from doing -- this solving; hence (runTcSWithEvBinds ev_binds_var). -- And note that since there are nested implications, -- calling solveWanteds will side-effect their evidence -- bindings, so we can't just revert to the input -- constraint. ; ev_binds_var <- TcM EvBindsVar TcM.newTcEvBinds ; psig_evs <- newWanteds AnnOrigin psig_theta ; wanted_transformed <- setTcLevel rhs_tclvl $ runTcSWithEvBinds ev_binds_var $ solveWanteds (mkSimpleWC psig_evs `andWC` wanteds) -- psig_evs : see Note [Add signature contexts as wanteds] -- See Note [Inferring principal types] -- Find quant_pred_candidates, the predicates that -- we'll consider quantifying over -- NB1: wanted_transformed does not include anything provable from -- the psig_theta; it's just the extra bit -- NB2: We do not do any defaulting when inferring a type, this can lead -- to less polymorphic types, see Note [Default while Inferring] ; wanted_transformed <- TcM.liftZonkM $ TcM.zonkWC wanted_transformed ; let definite_error = WantedConstraints -> Bool insolubleWC WantedConstraints wanted_transformed -- See Note [Quantification with errors] quant_pred_candidates | Bool definite_error = [] | Bool otherwise = Cts -> [Type] ctsPreds (Bool -> WantedConstraints -> Cts approximateWC Bool False WantedConstraints wanted_transformed) -- Decide what type variables and constraints to quantify -- NB: quant_pred_candidates is already fully zonked -- NB: bound_theta are constraints we want to quantify over, -- including the psig_theta, which we always quantify over -- NB: bound_theta are fully zonked -- rec {..}: see Note [Keeping SkolemInfo inside a SkolemTv] -- in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType ; rec { (qtvs, bound_theta, co_vars) <- decideQuantification skol_info infer_mode rhs_tclvl name_taus partial_sigs quant_pred_candidates ; bound_theta_vars <- mapM TcM.newEvVar bound_theta ; let full_theta = (TyVar -> Type) -> [TyVar] -> [Type] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map TyVar -> Type idType [TyVar] bound_theta_vars ; skol_info <- mkSkolemInfo (InferSkol [ (name, mkPhiTy full_theta ty) | (name, ty) <- name_taus ]) } -- Now emit the residual constraint ; emitResidualConstraints rhs_tclvl ev_binds_var name_taus co_vars qtvs bound_theta_vars wanted_transformed -- All done! ; traceTc "} simplifyInfer/produced residual implication for quantification" $ vcat [ text "quant_pred_candidates =" <+> ppr quant_pred_candidates , text "psig_theta =" <+> ppr psig_theta , text "bound_theta =" <+> pprCoreBinders bound_theta_vars , text "qtvs =" <+> ppr qtvs , text "definite_error =" <+> ppr definite_error ] ; return ( qtvs, bound_theta_vars, TcEvBinds ev_binds_var, definite_error ) } -- NB: bound_theta_vars must be fully zonked where partial_sigs :: [TcIdSigInst] partial_sigs = (TcIdSigInst -> Bool) -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [TcIdSigInst] forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] filter TcIdSigInst -> Bool isPartialSig [TcIdSigInst] sigs -------------------- emitResidualConstraints :: TcLevel -> EvBindsVar -> [(Name, TcTauType)] -> CoVarSet -> [TcTyVar] -> [EvVar] -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () -- Emit the remaining constraints from the RHS. emitResidualConstraints :: TcLevel -> EvBindsVar -> [(Name, Type)] -> VarSet -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] -> WantedConstraints -> TcM () emitResidualConstraints TcLevel rhs_tclvl EvBindsVar ev_binds_var [(Name, Type)] name_taus VarSet co_vars [TyVar] qtvs [TyVar] full_theta_vars WantedConstraints wanteds | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wanteds = () -> TcM () forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return () | Bool otherwise = do { wanted_simple <- ZonkM Cts -> TcM Cts forall a. ZonkM a -> TcM a TcM.liftZonkM (ZonkM Cts -> TcM Cts) -> ZonkM Cts -> TcM Cts forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Cts -> ZonkM Cts TcM.zonkSimples (WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple WantedConstraints wanteds) ; let (outer_simple, inner_simple) = partitionBag is_mono wanted_simple is_mono Ct ct | Just TyVar ct_ev_id <- Ct -> Maybe TyVar wantedEvId_maybe Ct ct = TyVar ct_ev_id TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` VarSet co_vars | Bool otherwise = Bool False -- Reason for the partition: -- see Note [Emitting the residual implication in simplifyInfer] -- Already done by defaultTyVarsAndSimplify -- ; _ <- TcM.promoteTyVarSet (tyCoVarsOfCts outer_simple) ; let inner_wanted = WantedConstraints wanteds { wc_simple = inner_simple } ; implics <- if isEmptyWC inner_wanted then return emptyBag else do implic1 <- newImplication return $ unitBag $ implic1 { ic_tclvl = rhs_tclvl , ic_skols = qtvs , ic_given = full_theta_vars , ic_wanted = inner_wanted , ic_binds = ev_binds_var , ic_given_eqs = MaybeGivenEqs , ic_info = skol_info } ; emitConstraints (emptyWC { wc_simple = outer_simple , wc_impl = implics }) } where full_theta :: [Type] full_theta = (TyVar -> Type) -> [TyVar] -> [Type] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map TyVar -> Type idType [TyVar] full_theta_vars skol_info :: SkolemInfoAnon skol_info = [(Name, Type)] -> SkolemInfoAnon InferSkol [ (Name name, [Type] -> Type -> Type HasDebugCallStack => [Type] -> Type -> Type mkPhiTy [Type] full_theta Type ty) | (Name name, Type ty) <- [(Name, Type)] name_taus ] -- We don't add the quantified variables here, because they are -- also bound in ic_skols and we want them to be tidied -- uniformly. -------------------- findInferredDiff :: TcThetaType -> TcThetaType -> TcM TcThetaType -- Given a partial type signature f :: (C a, D a, _) => blah -- and the inferred constraints (X a, D a, Y a, C a) -- compute the difference, which is what will fill in the "_" underscore, -- In this case the diff is (X a, Y a). findInferredDiff :: [Type] -> [Type] -> TcM [Type] findInferredDiff [Type] annotated_theta [Type] inferred_theta | [Type] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [Type] annotated_theta -- Short cut the common case when the user didn't = [Type] -> TcM [Type] forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return [Type] inferred_theta -- write any constraints in the partial signature | Bool otherwise = TcM [Type] -> TcM [Type] forall r. TcM r -> TcM r pushTcLevelM_ (TcM [Type] -> TcM [Type]) -> TcM [Type] -> TcM [Type] forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ do { lcl_env <- TcRnIf TcGblEnv TcLclEnv TcLclEnv forall gbl lcl. TcRnIf gbl lcl lcl TcM.getLclEnv ; given_ids <- mapM TcM.newEvVar annotated_theta ; wanteds <- newWanteds AnnOrigin inferred_theta ; let given_loc = TcLevel -> SkolemInfoAnon -> CtLocEnv -> CtLoc mkGivenLoc TcLevel topTcLevel (SkolemInfo -> SkolemInfoAnon getSkolemInfo SkolemInfo HasCallStack => SkolemInfo unkSkol) (TcLclEnv -> CtLocEnv mkCtLocEnv TcLclEnv lcl_env) given_cts = CtLoc -> [TyVar] -> [Ct] mkGivens CtLoc given_loc [TyVar] given_ids ; (residual, _) <- runTcS $ do { _ <- solveSimpleGivens given_cts ; solveSimpleWanteds (listToBag (map mkNonCanonical wanteds)) } -- NB: There are no meta tyvars fromn this level annotated_theta -- because we have either promoted them or unified them -- See `Note [Quantification and partial signatures]` Wrinkle 2 ; return (map (box_pred . ctPred) $ bagToList $ wc_simple residual) } where box_pred :: PredType -> PredType box_pred :: Type -> Type box_pred Type pred = case Type -> Pred classifyPredType Type pred of EqPred EqRel rel Type ty1 Type ty2 | Just (Class cls,[Type] tys) <- EqRel -> Type -> Type -> Maybe (Class, [Type]) boxEqPred EqRel rel Type ty1 Type ty2 -> Class -> [Type] -> Type mkClassPred Class cls [Type] tys | Bool otherwise -> String -> SDoc -> Type forall a. HasCallStack => String -> SDoc -> a pprPanic String "findInferredDiff" (Type -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Type pred) Pred _other -> Type pred {- Note [Emitting the residual implication in simplifyInfer] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider f = e where f's type is inferred to be something like (a, Proxy k (Int |> co)) and we have an as-yet-unsolved, or perhaps insoluble, constraint [W] co :: Type ~ k We can't form types like (forall co. blah), so we can't generalise over the coercion variable, and hence we can't generalise over things free in its kind, in the case 'k'. But we can still generalise over 'a'. So we'll generalise to f :: forall a. (a, Proxy k (Int |> co)) Now we do NOT want to form the residual implication constraint forall a. [W] co :: Type ~ k because then co's eventual binding (which will be a value binding if we use -fdefer-type-errors) won't scope over the entire binding for 'f' (whose type mentions 'co'). Instead, just as we don't generalise over 'co', we should not bury its constraint inside the implication. Instead, we must put it outside. That is the reason for the partitionBag in emitResidualConstraints, which takes the CoVars free in the inferred type, and pulls their constraints out. (NB: this set of CoVars should be closed-over-kinds.) All rather subtle; see #14584. Note [Add signature contexts as wanteds] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider this (#11016): f2 :: (?x :: Int) => _ f2 = ?x or this class C a b | a -> b g :: C p q => p -> q f3 :: C Int b => _ f3 = g (3::Int) We'll use plan InferGen because there are holes in the type. But: * For f2 we want to have the (?x :: Int) constraint floating around so that the functional dependencies kick in. Otherwise the occurrence of ?x on the RHS produces constraint (?x :: alpha), and we won't unify alpha:=Int. * For f3 want the (C Int b) constraint from the partial signature to meet the (C Int beta) constraint we get from the call to g; again, fundeps Solution: in simplifyInfer, we add the constraints from the signature as extra Wanteds. Why Wanteds? Wouldn't it be neater to treat them as Givens? Alas that would mess up (GivenInv) in Note [TcLevel invariants]. Consider f :: (Eq a, _) => blah1 f = ....g... g :: (Eq b, _) => blah2 g = ...f... Then we have two psig_theta constraints (Eq a[tv], Eq b[tv]), both with TyVarTvs inside. Ultimately a[tv] := b[tv], but only when we've solved all those constraints. And both have level 1, so we can't put them as Givens when solving at level 1. Best to treat them as Wanteds. But see also #20076, which would be solved if they were Givens. ************************************************************************ * * Quantification * * ************************************************************************ Note [Deciding quantification] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If the monomorphism restriction does not apply, then we quantify as follows: * Step 1: decidePromotedTyVars. Take the global tyvars, and "grow" them using functional dependencies E.g. if x:alpha is in the environment, and alpha ~ [beta] (which can happen because alpha is untouchable here) then do not quantify over beta, because alpha fixes beta, and beta is effectively free in the environment too; this logic extends to general fundeps, not just equalities We also account for the monomorphism restriction; if it applies, add the free vars of all the constraints. Result is mono_tvs; we will promote all of these to the outer levek, and certainly not quantify over them. * Step 2: defaultTyVarsAndSimplify. Default any non-promoted tyvars (i.e ones that are definitely not going to become further constrained), and re-simplify the candidate constraints. Motivation for re-simplification (#7857): imagine we have a constraint (C (a->b)), where 'a :: TYPE l1' and 'b :: TYPE l2' are not free in the envt, and instance forall (a::*) (b::*). (C a) => C (a -> b) The instance doesn't match while l1,l2 are polymorphic, but it will match when we default them to LiftedRep. This is all very tiresome. This step also promotes the mono_tvs from Step 1. See Note [Promote monomorphic tyvars]. In fact, the *only* use of the mono_tvs from Step 1 is to promote them here. This promotion effectively stops us from quantifying over them later, in Step 3. Because the actual variables to quantify over are determined in Step 3 (not in Step 1), it is OK for the mono_tvs to be missing some variables free in the environment. This is why removing the psig_qtvs is OK in decidePromotedTyVars. Test case for this scenario: T14479. * Step 3: decideQuantifiedTyVars. Decide which variables to quantify over, as follows: - Take the free vars of the partial-type-signature types and constraints, and the tau-type (zonked_tau_tvs), and then "grow" them using all the constraints. These are grown_tcvs. See Note [growThetaTyVars vs closeWrtFunDeps]. - Use quantifyTyVars to quantify over the free variables of all the types involved, but only those in the grown_tcvs. Result is qtvs. * Step 4: Filter the constraints using pickQuantifiablePreds and the qtvs. We have to zonk the constraints first, so they "see" the freshly created skolems. Note [Unconditionally resimplify constraints when quantifying] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ During quantification (in defaultTyVarsAndSimplify, specifically), we re-invoke the solver to simplify the constraints before quantifying them. We do this for two reasons, enumerated below. We could, in theory, detect when either of these cases apply and simplify only then, but collecting this information is bothersome, and simplifying redundantly causes no real harm. Note that this code path happens only for definitions * without a type signature * when -XMonoLocalBinds does not apply * with unsolved constraints and so the performance cost will be small. 1. Defaulting Defaulting the variables handled by defaultTyVar may unlock instance simplifications. Example (typecheck/should_compile/T20584b): with (t :: Double) (u :: String) = printf "..." t u We know the types of t and u, but we do not know the return type of `with`. So, we assume `with :: alpha`, where `alpha :: TYPE rho`. The type of printf is printf :: PrintfType r => String -> r The occurrence of printf is instantiated with a fresh var beta. We then get beta := Double -> String -> alpha and [W] PrintfType (Double -> String -> alpha) Module Text.Printf exports instance (PrintfArg a, PrintfType r) => PrintfType (a -> r) and it looks like that instance should apply. But I have elided some key details: (->) is polymorphic over multiplicity and runtime representation. Here it is in full glory: [W] PrintfType ((Double :: Type) %m1 -> (String :: Type) %m2 -> (alpha :: TYPE rho)) instance (PrintfArg a, PrintfType r) => PrintfType ((a :: Type) %Many -> (r :: Type)) Because we do not know that m1 is Many, we cannot use the instance. (Perhaps a better instance would have an explicit equality constraint to the left of =>, but that's not what we have.) Then, in defaultTyVarsAndSimplify, we get m1 := Many, m2 := Many, and rho := LiftedRep. Yet it's too late to simplify the quantified constraint, and thus GHC infers wait :: PrintfType (Double -> String -> t) => Double -> String -> t which is silly. Simplifying again after defaulting solves this problem. 2. Interacting functional dependencies Suppose we have class C a b | a -> b and we are running simplifyInfer over forall[2] x. () => [W] C a beta1[1] forall[2] y. () => [W] C a beta2[1] These are two implication constraints, both of which contain a wanted for the class C. Neither constraint mentions the bound skolem. We might imagine that these constraints could thus float out of their implications and then interact, causing beta1 to unify with beta2, but constraints do not currently float out of implications. Unifying the beta1 and beta2 is important. Without doing so, then we might infer a type like (C a b1, C a b2) => a -> a, which will fail to pass the ambiguity check, which will say (rightly) that it cannot unify b1 with b2, as required by the fundep interactions. This happens in the parsec library, and in test case typecheck/should_compile/FloatFDs. If we re-simplify, however, the two fundep constraints will interact, causing a unification between beta1 and beta2, and all will be well. The key step is that this simplification happens *after* the call to approximateWC in simplifyInfer. -} decideQuantification :: SkolemInfo -> InferMode -> TcLevel -> [(Name, TcTauType)] -- Variables to be generalised -> [TcIdSigInst] -- Partial type signatures (if any) -> [PredType] -- Candidate theta; already zonked -> TcM ( [TcTyVar] -- Quantify over these (skolems) , [PredType] -- and this context (fully zonked) , CoVarSet) -- See Note [Deciding quantification] decideQuantification :: SkolemInfo -> InferMode -> TcLevel -> [(Name, Type)] -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [Type] -> TcM ([TyVar], [Type], VarSet) decideQuantification SkolemInfo skol_info InferMode infer_mode TcLevel rhs_tclvl [(Name, Type)] name_taus [TcIdSigInst] psigs [Type] candidates = do { -- Step 1: find the mono_tvs ; (candidates, co_vars, mono_tvs0) <- InferMode -> [(Name, Type)] -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [Type] -> TcM ([Type], VarSet, VarSet) decidePromotedTyVars InferMode infer_mode [(Name, Type)] name_taus [TcIdSigInst] psigs [Type] candidates -- Step 2: default any non-mono tyvars, and re-simplify -- This step may do some unification, but result candidates is zonked ; candidates <- defaultTyVarsAndSimplify rhs_tclvl candidates -- Step 3: decide which kind/type variables to quantify over ; qtvs <- decideQuantifiedTyVars skol_info name_taus psigs candidates -- Step 4: choose which of the remaining candidate -- predicates to actually quantify over -- NB: decideQuantifiedTyVars turned some meta tyvars -- into quantified skolems, so we have to zonk again ; (candidates, psig_theta) <- TcM.liftZonkM $ do { candidates <- TcM.zonkTcTypes candidates ; psig_theta <- TcM.zonkTcTypes (concatMap sig_inst_theta psigs) ; return (candidates, psig_theta) } ; min_theta <- pickQuantifiablePreds (mkVarSet qtvs) mono_tvs0 candidates -- Take account of partial type signatures -- See Note [Constraints in partial type signatures] ; let min_psig_theta = (Type -> Type) -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. (a -> Type) -> [a] -> [a] mkMinimalBySCs Type -> Type forall a. a -> a id [Type] psig_theta ; theta <- if | null psigs -> return min_theta -- Case (P3) | not (all has_extra_constraints_wildcard psigs) -- Case (P2) -> return min_psig_theta | otherwise -- Case (P1) -> do { diff <- findInferredDiff min_psig_theta min_theta ; return (min_psig_theta ++ diff) } ; traceTc "decideQuantification" (vcat [ text "infer_mode:" <+> ppr infer_mode , text "candidates:" <+> ppr candidates , text "psig_theta:" <+> ppr psig_theta , text "co_vars:" <+> ppr co_vars , text "qtvs:" <+> ppr qtvs , text "theta:" <+> ppr theta ]) ; return (qtvs, theta, co_vars) } where has_extra_constraints_wildcard :: TcIdSigInst -> Bool has_extra_constraints_wildcard (TISI { sig_inst_wcx :: TcIdSigInst -> Maybe Type sig_inst_wcx = Just {} }) = Bool True has_extra_constraints_wildcard TcIdSigInst _ = Bool False {- Note [Constraints in partial type signatures] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Suppose we have decided to quantify over min_theta, say (Eq a, C a, Ix a). Then we distinguish three cases: (P1) No partial type signatures: just quantify over min_theta (P2) Partial type signatures with no extra_constraints wildcard: e.g. f :: (Eq a, C a) => a -> _ Quantify over psig_theta: the user has explicitly specified the entire context. That may mean we have an unsolved residual constraint (Ix a) arising from the RHS of the function. But so be it: the user said (Eq a, C a). (P3) Partial type signature with an extra_constraints wildcard. e.g. f :: (Eq a, C a, _) => a -> a Quantify over (psig_theta ++ diff) where diff = min_theta - psig_theta, using findInferredDiff. In our example, diff = Ix a Some rationale and observations * See Note [When the MR applies] in GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind. * We always want to quantify over psig_theta (if present). The user specified it! And pickQuantifiableCandidates might have dropped some e.g. CallStack constraints. c.f #14658 equalities (a ~ Bool) * In case (P3) we ask that /all/ the signatures have an extra-constraints wildcard. It's a bit arbitrary; not clear what the "right" thing is. * In (P2) we encounter #20076: f :: Eq [a] => a -> _ f x = [x] == [x] From the RHS we get [W] Eq [a]. We simplify those Wanteds in simplifyInfer, to get (Eq a). But then we quantify over the user-specified (Eq [a]), leaving a residual implication constraint (forall a. Eq [a] => [W] Eq a), which is insoluble. Idea: in simplifyInfer we could put the /un-simplified/ constraints in the residual -- at least in the case like #20076 where the partial signature fully specifies the final constraint. Maybe: a battle for another day. * It's helpful to use the same "find difference" algorithm, `findInferredDiff`, here as we use in GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.chooseInferredQuantifiers (#20921) At least for single functions we would like to quantify f over precisely the same theta as <quant-theta>, so that we get to take the short-cut path in `GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.mkExport`, and avoid calling `tcSubTypeSigma` for impedance matching. Why avoid? Because it falls over for ambiguous types (#20921). We can get precisely the same theta by using the same algorithm, `findInferredDiff`. * All of this goes wrong if we have (a) mutual recursion, (b) multiple partial type signatures, (c) with different constraints, and (d) ambiguous types. Something like f :: forall a. Eq a => F a -> _ f x = (undefined :: a) == g x undefined g :: forall b. Show b => F b -> _ -> b g x y = let _ = (f y, show x) in x But that's a battle for another day. -} decidePromotedTyVars :: InferMode -> [(Name,TcType)] -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [PredType] -> TcM ([PredType], CoVarSet, TcTyVarSet) -- We are about to generalise over type variables at level N -- Each must be either -- (P) promoted -- (D) defaulted -- (Q) quantified -- This function finds (P), the type variables that we are going to promote: -- (a) Mentioned in a constraint we can't generalise (the MR) -- (b) Mentioned in the kind of a CoVar; we can't quantify over a CoVar, -- so we must not quantify over a type variable free in its kind -- (c) Connected by an equality or fundep to -- * a type variable at level < N, or -- * A tyvar subject to (a), (b) or (c) -- Having found all such level-N tyvars that we can't generalise, -- promote them, to eliminate them from further consideration. -- -- Also return CoVars that appear free in the final quantified types -- we can't quantify over these, and we must make sure they are in scope decidePromotedTyVars :: InferMode -> [(Name, Type)] -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [Type] -> TcM ([Type], VarSet, VarSet) decidePromotedTyVars InferMode infer_mode [(Name, Type)] name_taus [TcIdSigInst] psigs [Type] candidates = do { tc_lvl <- TcM TcLevel TcM.getTcLevel ; (no_quant, maybe_quant) <- pick infer_mode candidates -- If possible, we quantify over partial-sig qtvs, so they are -- not mono. Need to zonk them because they are meta-tyvar TyVarTvs ; (psig_qtvs, psig_theta, taus) <- TcM.liftZonkM $ do { psig_qtvs <- zonkTcTyVarsToTcTyVars $ binderVars $ concatMap (map snd . sig_inst_skols) psigs ; psig_theta <- mapM TcM.zonkTcType $ concatMap sig_inst_theta psigs ; taus <- mapM (TcM.zonkTcType . snd) name_taus ; return (psig_qtvs, psig_theta, taus) } ; let psig_tys = [TyVar] -> [Type] mkTyVarTys [TyVar] psig_qtvs [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] psig_theta -- (b) The co_var_tvs are tvs mentioned in the types of covars or -- coercion holes. We can't quantify over these covars, so we -- must include the variable in their types in the mono_tvs. -- E.g. If we can't quantify over co :: k~Type, then we can't -- quantify over k either! Hence closeOverKinds -- Recall that coVarsOfTypes also returns coercion holes co_vars = [Type] -> VarSet coVarsOfTypes ([Type] psig_tys [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] taus [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] candidates) co_var_tvs = VarSet -> VarSet closeOverKinds VarSet co_vars mono_tvs0 = (TyVar -> Bool) -> VarSet -> VarSet filterVarSet (Bool -> Bool not (Bool -> Bool) -> (TyVar -> Bool) -> TyVar -> Bool forall b c a. (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c . TcLevel -> TyVar -> Bool isQuantifiableTv TcLevel tc_lvl) (VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> VarSet forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [Type] -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfTypes [Type] candidates -- We need to grab all the non-quantifiable tyvars in the -- types so that we can grow this set to find other -- non-quantifiable tyvars. This can happen with something like -- f x y = ... -- where z = x 3 -- The body of z tries to unify the type of x (call it alpha[1]) -- with (beta[2] -> gamma[2]). This unification fails because -- alpha is untouchable, leaving [W] alpha[1] ~ (beta[2] -> gamma[2]). -- We need to know not to quantify over beta or gamma, because they -- are in the equality constraint with alpha. Actual test case: -- typecheck/should_compile/tc213 mono_tvs1 = VarSet mono_tvs0 VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet co_var_tvs -- mono_tvs1 is now the set of variables from an outer scope -- (that's mono_tvs0) and the set of covars, closed over kinds. -- Given this set of variables we know we will not quantify, -- we want to find any other variables that are determined by this -- set, by functional dependencies or equalities. We thus use -- closeWrtFunDeps to find all further variables determined by this root -- set. See Note [growThetaTyVars vs closeWrtFunDeps] non_ip_candidates = (Type -> Bool) -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] filterOut Type -> Bool isIPLikePred [Type] candidates -- implicit params don't really determine a type variable -- (that is, we might have IP "c" Bool and IP "c" Int in different -- places within the same program), and -- skipping this causes implicit params to monomorphise too many -- variables; see Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] in GHC.Tc.Solver. -- Skipping causes typecheck/should_compile/tc219 to fail. mono_tvs2 = [Type] -> VarSet -> VarSet closeWrtFunDeps [Type] non_ip_candidates VarSet mono_tvs1 -- mono_tvs2 now contains any variable determined by the "root -- set" of monomorphic tyvars in mono_tvs1. constrained_tvs = (TyVar -> Bool) -> VarSet -> VarSet filterVarSet (TcLevel -> TyVar -> Bool isQuantifiableTv TcLevel tc_lvl) (VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> VarSet forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [Type] -> VarSet -> VarSet closeWrtFunDeps [Type] non_ip_candidates ([Type] -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfTypes [Type] no_quant) VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `minusVarSet` VarSet mono_tvs2 -- constrained_tvs: the tyvars that we are not going to -- quantify /solely/ because of the monomorphism restriction -- -- (`minusVarSet` mono_tvs2): a type variable is only -- "constrained" (so that the MR bites) if it is not -- free in the environment (#13785) or is determined -- by some variable that is free in the env't mono_tvs = (VarSet mono_tvs2 VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet constrained_tvs) VarSet -> [TyVar] -> VarSet `delVarSetList` [TyVar] psig_qtvs -- (`delVarSetList` psig_qtvs): if the user has explicitly -- asked for quantification, then that request "wins" -- over the MR. -- -- What if a psig variable is also free in the environment -- (i.e. says "no" to isQuantifiableTv)? That's OK: explanation -- in Step 2 of Note [Deciding quantification]. -- Warn about the monomorphism restriction ; when (case infer_mode of { InferMode ApplyMR -> Bool True; InferMode _ -> Bool False}) $ do let dia = [Name] -> TcRnMessage TcRnMonomorphicBindings (((Name, Type) -> Name) -> [(Name, Type)] -> [Name] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map (Name, Type) -> Name forall a b. (a, b) -> a fst [(Name, Type)] name_taus) diagnosticTc (constrained_tvs `intersectsVarSet` tyCoVarsOfTypes taus) dia -- Promote the mono_tvs: see Note [Promote monomorphic tyvars] ; _ <- promoteTyVarSet mono_tvs ; traceTc "decidePromotedTyVars" $ vcat [ text "infer_mode =" <+> ppr infer_mode , text "psigs =" <+> ppr psigs , text "psig_qtvs =" <+> ppr psig_qtvs , text "mono_tvs0 =" <+> ppr mono_tvs0 , text "no_quant =" <+> ppr no_quant , text "maybe_quant =" <+> ppr maybe_quant , text "mono_tvs =" <+> ppr mono_tvs , text "co_vars =" <+> ppr co_vars ] ; return (maybe_quant, co_vars, mono_tvs0) } where pick :: InferMode -> [PredType] -> TcM ([PredType], [PredType]) -- Split the candidates into ones we definitely -- won't quantify, and ones that we might pick :: InferMode -> [Type] -> TcM ([Type], [Type]) pick InferMode ApplyMR [Type] cand = ([Type], [Type]) -> TcM ([Type], [Type]) forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return ([Type] cand, []) pick InferMode NoRestrictions [Type] cand = ([Type], [Type]) -> TcM ([Type], [Type]) forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return ([], [Type] cand) pick InferMode EagerDefaulting [Type] cand = do { os <- Extension -> TcM Bool forall gbl lcl. Extension -> TcRnIf gbl lcl Bool xoptM Extension LangExt.OverloadedStrings ; return (partition (is_int_ct os) cand) } -- is_int_ct returns True for a constraint we should /not/ quantify -- For EagerDefaulting, do not quantify over -- over any interactive class constraint is_int_ct :: Bool -> Type -> Bool is_int_ct Bool ovl_strings Type pred = case Type -> Pred classifyPredType Type pred of ClassPred Class cls [Type] _ -> Bool -> Class -> Bool isInteractiveClass Bool ovl_strings Class cls Pred _ -> Bool False ------------------- defaultTyVarsAndSimplify :: TcLevel -> [PredType] -- Assumed zonked -> TcM [PredType] -- Guaranteed zonked -- Default any tyvar free in the constraints; -- and re-simplify in case the defaulting allows further simplification defaultTyVarsAndSimplify :: TcLevel -> [Type] -> TcM [Type] defaultTyVarsAndSimplify TcLevel rhs_tclvl [Type] candidates = do { -- Default any kind/levity vars ; DV {dv_kvs = cand_kvs, dv_tvs = cand_tvs} <- [Type] -> TcM CandidatesQTvs candidateQTyVarsOfTypes [Type] candidates -- NB1: decidePromotedTyVars has promoted any type variable fixed by the -- type envt, so they won't be chosen by candidateQTyVarsOfTypes -- NB2: Defaulting for variables free in tau_tys is done later, by quantifyTyVars -- Hence looking only at 'candidates' -- NB3: Any covars should already be handled by -- the logic in decidePromotedTyVars, which looks at -- the constraints generated ; poly_kinds <- xoptM LangExt.PolyKinds ; let default_kv | Bool poly_kinds = TyVar -> TcM Bool default_tv | Bool otherwise = DefaultingStrategy -> TyVar -> TcM Bool defaultTyVar DefaultingStrategy DefaultKindVars default_tv = DefaultingStrategy -> TyVar -> TcM Bool defaultTyVar (NonStandardDefaultingStrategy -> DefaultingStrategy NonStandardDefaulting NonStandardDefaultingStrategy DefaultNonStandardTyVars) ; mapM_ default_kv (dVarSetElems cand_kvs) ; mapM_ default_tv (dVarSetElems (cand_tvs `minusDVarSet` cand_kvs)) ; simplify_cand candidates } where -- See Note [Unconditionally resimplify constraints when quantifying] simplify_cand :: [Type] -> TcM [Type] simplify_cand [] = [Type] -> TcM [Type] forall a. a -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return [] -- Fast path simplify_cand [Type] candidates = do { clone_wanteds <- CtOrigin -> [Type] -> TcM [CtEvidence] newWanteds CtOrigin DefaultOrigin [Type] candidates ; WC { wc_simple = simples } <- setTcLevel rhs_tclvl $ simplifyWantedsTcM clone_wanteds -- Discard evidence; simples is fully zonked ; let new_candidates = Cts -> [Type] ctsPreds Cts simples ; traceTc "Simplified after defaulting" $ vcat [ text "Before:" <+> ppr candidates , text "After:" <+> ppr new_candidates ] ; return new_candidates } ------------------ decideQuantifiedTyVars :: SkolemInfo -> [(Name,TcType)] -- Annotated theta and (name,tau) pairs -> [TcIdSigInst] -- Partial signatures -> [PredType] -- Candidates, zonked -> TcM [TyVar] -- Fix what tyvars we are going to quantify over, and quantify them decideQuantifiedTyVars :: SkolemInfo -> [(Name, Type)] -> [TcIdSigInst] -> [Type] -> TcM [TyVar] decideQuantifiedTyVars SkolemInfo skol_info [(Name, Type)] name_taus [TcIdSigInst] psigs [Type] candidates = do { -- Why psig_tys? We try to quantify over everything free in here -- See Note [Quantification and partial signatures] -- Wrinkles 2 and 3 ; (psig_tv_tys, psig_theta, tau_tys) <- ZonkM ([Type], [Type], [Type]) -> TcM ([Type], [Type], [Type]) forall a. ZonkM a -> TcM a TcM.liftZonkM (ZonkM ([Type], [Type], [Type]) -> TcM ([Type], [Type], [Type])) -> ZonkM ([Type], [Type], [Type]) -> TcM ([Type], [Type], [Type]) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ do { psig_tv_tys <- (TyVar -> ZonkM Type) -> [TyVar] -> ZonkM [Type] forall (t :: * -> *) (m :: * -> *) a b. (Traversable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> [a] -> m [b] mapM TyVar -> ZonkM Type TcM.zonkTcTyVar [ TyVar tv | TcIdSigInst sig <- [TcIdSigInst] psigs , (Name _,Bndr TyVar tv Specificity _) <- TcIdSigInst -> [(Name, InvisTVBinder)] sig_inst_skols TcIdSigInst sig ] ; psig_theta <- mapM TcM.zonkTcType [ pred | sig <- psigs , pred <- sig_inst_theta sig ] ; tau_tys <- mapM (TcM.zonkTcType . snd) name_taus ; return (psig_tv_tys, psig_theta, tau_tys) } ; let -- Try to quantify over variables free in these types psig_tys = [Type] psig_tv_tys [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] psig_theta seed_tys = [Type] psig_tys [Type] -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ [Type] tau_tys -- Now "grow" those seeds to find ones reachable via 'candidates' -- See Note [growThetaTyVars vs closeWrtFunDeps] grown_tcvs = [Type] -> VarSet -> VarSet growThetaTyVars [Type] candidates ([Type] -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfTypes [Type] seed_tys) -- Now we have to classify them into kind variables and type variables -- (sigh) just for the benefit of -XNoPolyKinds; see quantifyTyVars -- -- Keep the psig_tys first, so that candidateQTyVarsOfTypes produces -- them in that order, so that the final qtvs quantifies in the same -- order as the partial signatures do (#13524) ; dv@DV {dv_kvs = cand_kvs, dv_tvs = cand_tvs} <- candidateQTyVarsOfTypes $ psig_tys ++ candidates ++ tau_tys ; let pick = (DTyVarSet -> VarSet -> DTyVarSet `dVarSetIntersectVarSet` VarSet grown_tcvs) dvs_plus = CandidatesQTvs dv { dv_kvs = pick cand_kvs, dv_tvs = pick cand_tvs } ; traceTc "decideQuantifiedTyVars" (vcat [ text "tau_tys =" <+> ppr tau_tys , text "candidates =" <+> ppr candidates , text "cand_kvs =" <+> ppr cand_kvs , text "cand_tvs =" <+> ppr cand_tvs , text "tau_tys =" <+> ppr tau_tys , text "seed_tys =" <+> ppr seed_tys , text "seed_tcvs =" <+> ppr (tyCoVarsOfTypes seed_tys) , text "grown_tcvs =" <+> ppr grown_tcvs , text "dvs =" <+> ppr dvs_plus]) ; quantifyTyVars skol_info DefaultNonStandardTyVars dvs_plus } ------------------ -- | When inferring types, should we quantify over a given predicate? -- See Note [pickQuantifiablePreds] pickQuantifiablePreds :: TyVarSet -- Quantifying over these -> TcTyVarSet -- mono_tvs0: variables mentioned a candidate -- constraint that come from some outer level -> TcThetaType -- Proposed constraints to quantify -> TcM TcThetaType -- A subset that we can actually quantify -- This function decides whether a particular constraint should be -- quantified over, given the type variables that are being quantified pickQuantifiablePreds :: VarSet -> VarSet -> [Type] -> TcM [Type] pickQuantifiablePreds VarSet qtvs VarSet mono_tvs0 [Type] theta = do { tc_lvl <- TcM TcLevel TcM.getTcLevel ; let is_nested = Bool -> Bool not (TcLevel -> Bool isTopTcLevel TcLevel tc_lvl) ; return (mkMinimalBySCs id $ -- See Note [Minimize by Superclasses] mapMaybe (pick_me is_nested) theta) } where pick_me :: Bool -> Type -> Maybe Type pick_me Bool is_nested Type pred = let pred_tvs :: VarSet pred_tvs = Type -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfType Type pred mentions_qtvs :: Bool mentions_qtvs = VarSet pred_tvs VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `intersectsVarSet` VarSet qtvs in case Type -> Pred classifyPredType Type pred of ClassPred Class cls [Type] tys | Just {} <- Class -> [Type] -> Maybe FastString isCallStackPred Class cls [Type] tys -- NEVER infer a CallStack constraint. Otherwise we let -- the constraints bubble up to be solved from the outer -- context, or be defaulted when we reach the top-level. -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing | Class -> Bool isIPClass Class cls -> Type -> Maybe Type forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Type pred -- See Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] | Bool -> Bool not Bool mentions_qtvs -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing -- Don't quantify over predicates that don't -- mention any of the quantified type variables | Bool is_nested -> Type -> Maybe Type forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Type pred -- From here on, we are thinking about top-level defns only | VarSet pred_tvs VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `subVarSet` (VarSet qtvs VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet mono_tvs0) -- See Note [Do not quantify over constraints that determine a variable] -> Type -> Maybe Type forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Type pred | Bool otherwise -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing EqPred EqRel eq_rel Type ty1 Type ty2 | Bool mentions_qtvs , EqRel -> Type -> Type -> Bool quantify_equality EqRel eq_rel Type ty1 Type ty2 , Just (Class cls, [Type] tys) <- EqRel -> Type -> Type -> Maybe (Class, [Type]) boxEqPred EqRel eq_rel Type ty1 Type ty2 -- boxEqPred: See Note [Lift equality constraints when quantifying] -> Type -> Maybe Type forall a. a -> Maybe a Just (Class -> [Type] -> Type mkClassPred Class cls [Type] tys) | Bool otherwise -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing IrredPred {} | Bool mentions_qtvs -> Type -> Maybe Type forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Type pred | Bool otherwise -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing ForAllPred {} -> Maybe Type forall a. Maybe a Nothing -- See Note [Quantifying over equality constraints] quantify_equality :: EqRel -> Type -> Type -> Bool quantify_equality EqRel NomEq Type ty1 Type ty2 = Type -> Bool quant_fun Type ty1 Bool -> Bool -> Bool || Type -> Bool quant_fun Type ty2 quantify_equality EqRel ReprEq Type _ Type _ = Bool True quant_fun :: Type -> Bool quant_fun Type ty = case HasCallStack => Type -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type]) Type -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type]) tcSplitTyConApp_maybe Type ty of Just (TyCon tc, [Type] tys) | TyCon -> Bool isTypeFamilyTyCon TyCon tc -> [Type] -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfTypes [Type] tys VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `intersectsVarSet` VarSet qtvs Maybe (TyCon, [Type]) _ -> Bool False ------------------ growThetaTyVars :: ThetaType -> TyCoVarSet -> TyCoVarSet -- See Note [growThetaTyVars vs closeWrtFunDeps] growThetaTyVars :: [Type] -> VarSet -> VarSet growThetaTyVars [Type] theta VarSet tcvs | [Type] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [Type] theta = VarSet tcvs | Bool otherwise = (VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> VarSet transCloVarSet VarSet -> VarSet mk_next VarSet seed_tcvs where seed_tcvs :: VarSet seed_tcvs = VarSet tcvs VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` [Type] -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfTypes [Type] ips ([Type] ips, [Type] non_ips) = (Type -> Bool) -> [Type] -> ([Type], [Type]) forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a]) partition Type -> Bool isIPLikePred [Type] theta -- See Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] mk_next :: VarSet -> VarSet -- Maps current set to newly-grown ones mk_next :: VarSet -> VarSet mk_next VarSet so_far = (Type -> VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> [Type] -> VarSet forall a b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b forall (t :: * -> *) a b. Foldable t => (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldr (VarSet -> Type -> VarSet -> VarSet grow_one VarSet so_far) VarSet emptyVarSet [Type] non_ips grow_one :: VarSet -> Type -> VarSet -> VarSet grow_one VarSet so_far Type pred VarSet tcvs | VarSet pred_tcvs VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `intersectsVarSet` VarSet so_far = VarSet tcvs VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet pred_tcvs | Bool otherwise = VarSet tcvs where pred_tcvs :: VarSet pred_tcvs = Type -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfType Type pred {- Note [Promote monomorphic tyvars] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Promote any type variables that are free in the environment. Eg f :: forall qtvs. bound_theta => zonked_tau The free vars of f's type become free in the envt, and hence will show up whenever 'f' is called. They may currently at rhs_tclvl, but they had better be unifiable at the outer_tclvl! Example: envt mentions alpha[1] tau_ty = beta[2] -> beta[2] constraints = alpha ~ [beta] we don't quantify over beta (since it is fixed by envt) so we must promote it! The inferred type is just f :: beta -> beta NB: promoteTyVarSet ignores coercion variables Note [pickQuantifiablePreds] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When pickQuantifiablePreds is called we have decided what type variables to quantify over, `qtvs`. The only quesion is: which of the unsolved candidate predicates should we quantify over? Call them `picked_theta`. Note that will leave behind a residual implication forall qtvs. picked_theta => unsolved_constraints For the members of unsolved_constraints that we select for picked_theta it is easy to solve, by identity. For the others we just hope that we can solve them. So which of the candidates should we pick to quantify over? In some situations we distinguish top-level from nested bindings. The point about nested binding is that (a) the types may mention type variables free in the environment (b) all of the call sites are statically visible, reducing the worries about "spooky action at a distance". First, never pick a constraint that doesn't mention any of the quantified variables `qtvs`. Picking such a constraint essentially moves the solving of the constraint from this function definition to call sites. But because the constraint mentions no quantified variables, call sites have no advantage over the definition site. Well, not quite: there could be new constraints brought into scope by a pattern-match against a constrained (e.g. GADT) constructor. Example data T a where { T1 :: T1 Bool; ... } f :: forall a. a -> T a -> blah f x t = let g y = x&&y -- This needs a~Bool in case t of T1 -> g True .... At g's call site we have `a~Bool`, so we /could/ infer g :: forall . (a~Bool) => Bool -> Bool -- qtvs = {} This is all very contrived, and probably just postponse type errors to the call site. If that's what you want, write a type signature. Actually, implicit parameters is an exception to the "no quantified vars" rule (see Note [Inheriting implicit parameters]) so we can't actually simply test this case first. Now we consider the different sorts of constraints: * For ClassPred constraints: * Never pick a CallStack constraint. See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] * Always pick an implicit-parameter constraint. Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] * For /top-level/ class constraints see Note [Do not quantify over constraints that determine a variable] * For EqPred constraints see Note [Quantifying over equality constraints] * For IrredPred constraints, we allow anything that mentions the quantified type variables. * A ForAllPred should not appear: the candidates come from approximateWC. Notice that we do /not/ consult -XFlexibleContexts here. For example, we allow `pickQuantifiablePreds` to quantify over a constraint like `Num [a]`; then if we don't have `-XFlexibleContexts` we'll get an error from `checkValidType` but (critically) it includes the helpful suggestion of adding `-XFlexibleContexts`. See #10608, #10351. Note [Lift equality constraints when quantifying] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We can't quantify over a constraint (t1 ~# t2) because that isn't a predicate type; see Note [Types for coercions, predicates, and evidence] in GHC.Core.TyCo.Rep. So we have to 'lift' it to (t1 ~ t2). Similarly (~R#) must be lifted to Coercible. This tiresome lifting is the reason that pick_me (in pickQuantifiablePreds) returns a Maybe rather than a Bool. Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider this: f x = (x::Int) + ?y where f is *not* a top-level binding. From the RHS of f we'll get the constraint (?y::Int). There are two types we might infer for f: f :: Int -> Int (so we get ?y from the context of f's definition), or f :: (?y::Int) => Int -> Int At first you might think the first was better, because then ?y behaves like a free variable of the definition, rather than having to be passed at each call site. But of course, the WHOLE IDEA is that ?y should be passed at each call site (that's what dynamic binding means) so we'd better infer the second. BOTTOM LINE: when *inferring types* you must quantify over implicit parameters, *even if* they don't mention the bound type variables. Reason: because implicit parameters, uniquely, have local instance declarations. See pickQuantifiablePreds. Note [Quantifying over equality constraints] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Should we quantify over an equality constraint (s ~ t) in pickQuantifiablePreds? * It is always /sound/ to quantify over a constraint -- those quantified constraints will need to be proved at each call site. * We definitely don't want to quantify over (Maybe a ~ Bool), to get f :: forall a. (Maybe a ~ Bool) => blah That simply postpones a type error from the function definition site to its call site. Fortunately we have already filtered out insoluble constraints: see `definite_error` in `simplifyInfer`. * What about (a ~ T alpha b), where we are about to quantify alpha, `a` and `b` are in-scope skolems, and `T` is a data type. It's pretty unlikely that this will be soluble at a call site, so we don't quantify over it. * What about `(F beta ~ Int)` where we are going to quantify `beta`? Should we quantify over the (F beta ~ Int), to get f :: forall b. (F b ~ Int) => blah Aha! Perhaps yes, because at the call site we will instantiate `b`, and perhaps we have `instance F Bool = Int`. So we *do* quantify over a type-family equality where the arguments mention the quantified variables. This is all a bit ad-hoc. Note [Do not quantify over constraints that determine a variable] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider (typecheck/should_compile/tc231), where we're trying to infer the type of a top-level declaration. We have class Zork s a b | a -> b and the candidate constraint at the end of simplifyInfer is [W] Zork alpha[1] (Z [Char]) beta[1] We definitely want to quantify over `alpha` (which is mentioned in the tau-type). But we do *not* want to quantify over `beta`: it is determined by the functional dependency on Zork: note that the second argument to Zork in the Wanted is a variable-free `Z [Char]`. Quantifying over it would be "Henry Ford polymorphism". (Presumably we don't have an instance in scope that tells us what `beta` actually is.) Instead we promote `beta[1]` to `beta[0]`, in `decidePromotedTyVars`. The question here: do we want to quantify over the constraint, to give the type forall a. Zork a (Z [Char]) beta[0] => blah Definitely not. Since we're not quantifying over beta, it has been promoted; and then will be zapped to Any in the final zonk. So we end up with a (perhaps exported) type involving forall a. Zork a (Z [Char]) Any => blah No no no: Key principle: we never want to show the programmer a type with `Any` in it. What we really want (to catch the Zork example) is this: Quantify over the constraint only if all its free variables are (a) quantified, or (b) appears in the type of something in the environment (mono_tvs0). To understand (b) consider class C a b where { op :: a -> b -> () } mr = 3 -- mr :: alpha f1 x = op x mr -- f1 :: forall b. b -> (), plus [W] C b alpha intify = mr + (4 :: Int) In `f1` should we quantify over that `(C b alpha)`? Answer: since `alpha` is free in the type envt, yes we should. After all, if we'd typechecked `intify` first, we'd have set `alpha := Int`, and /then/ we'd certainly quantify. The delicate Zork situation applies when beta is completely unconstrained (not free in the environment) -- except by the fundep. Another way to put it: let's say `alpha` is in `mono_tvs0`. It must be that some variable `x` has `alpha` free in its type. If we are at top-level (and we are, because nested decls don't go through this path all), then `x` must also be at top-level. And, by induction, `x` will not have Any in its type when all is said and done. The induction is well-founded because, if `x` is mutually recursive with the definition at hand, then their constraints get processed together (or `x` has a type signature, in which case the type doesn't have `Any`). So the key thing is that we must not introduce a new top-level unconstrained variable here. However this regrettably-subtle reasoning is needed only for /top-level/ declarations. For /nested/ decls we can see all the calls, so we'll instantiate that quantifed `Zork a (Z [Char]) beta` constraint at call sites, and either solve it or not (probably not). We won't be left with a still-callable function with Any in its type. So for nested definitions we don't make this tricky test. Historical note: we had a different, and more complicated test before, but it was utterly wrong: #23199. Note [Quantification and partial signatures] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When choosing type variables to quantify, the basic plan is to quantify over all type variables that are * free in the tau_tvs, and * not forced to be monomorphic (mono_tvs), for example by being free in the environment. However, in the case of a partial type signature, we are doing inference *in the presence of a type signature*. For example: f :: _ -> a f x = ... or g :: (Eq _a) => _b -> _b In both cases we use plan InferGen, and hence call simplifyInfer. But those 'a' variables are skolems (actually TyVarTvs), and we should be sure to quantify over them. This leads to several wrinkles: * Wrinkle 1. In the case of a type error f :: _ -> Maybe a f x = True && x The inferred type of 'f' is f :: Bool -> Bool, but there's a left-over error of form (Maybe a ~ Bool). The error-reporting machine expects to find a binding site for the skolem 'a', so we add it to the quantified tyvars. * Wrinkle 2. Consider the partial type signature f :: (Eq _) => Int -> Int f x = x In normal cases that makes sense; e.g. g :: Eq _a => _a -> _a g x = x where the signature makes the type less general than it could be. But for 'f' we must therefore quantify over the user-annotated constraints, to get f :: forall a. Eq a => Int -> Int (thereby correctly triggering an ambiguity error later). If we don't we'll end up with a strange open type f :: Eq alpha => Int -> Int which isn't ambiguous but is still very wrong. Bottom line: Try to quantify over any variable free in psig_theta, just like the tau-part of the type. * Wrinkle 3 (#13482). Also consider f :: forall a. _ => Int -> Int f x = if (undefined :: a) == undefined then x else 0 Here we get an (Eq a) constraint, but it's not mentioned in the psig_theta nor the type of 'f'. But we still want to quantify over 'a' even if the monomorphism restriction is on. * Wrinkle 4 (#14479) foo :: Num a => a -> a foo xxx = g xxx where g :: forall b. Num b => _ -> b g y = xxx + y In the signature for 'g', we cannot quantify over 'b' because it turns out to get unified with 'a', which is free in g's environment. So we carefully refrain from bogusly quantifying, in GHC.Tc.Solver.decidePromotedTyVars. We report the error later, in GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.chooseInferredQuantifiers. Note [growThetaTyVars vs closeWrtFunDeps] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GHC has two functions, growThetaTyVars and closeWrtFunDeps, both with the same type and similar behavior. This Note outlines the differences and why we use one or the other. Both functions take a list of constraints. We will call these the *candidates*. closeWrtFunDeps takes a set of "determined" type variables and finds the closure of that set with respect to the functional dependencies within the class constraints in the set of candidates. So, if we have class C a b | a -> b class D a b -- no fundep candidates = {C (Maybe a) (Either b c), D (Maybe a) (Either d e)} then closeWrtFunDeps {a} will return the set {a,b,c}. This is because, if `a` is determined, then `b` and `c` are, too, by functional dependency. closeWrtFunDeps called with any seed set not including `a` will just return its argument, as only `a` determines any other type variable (in this example). growThetaTyVars operates similarly, but it behaves as if every constraint has a functional dependency among all its arguments. So, continuing our example, growThetaTyVars {a} will return {a,b,c,d,e}. Put another way, growThetaTyVars grows the set of variables to include all variables that are mentioned in the same constraint (transitively). We use closeWrtFunDeps in places where we need to know which variables are *always* determined by some seed set. This includes * when determining the mono-tyvars in decidePromotedTyVars. If `a` is going to be monomorphic, we need b and c to be also: they are determined by the choice for `a`. * when checking instance coverage, in GHC.Tc.Instance.FunDeps.checkInstCoverage On the other hand, we use growThetaTyVars where we need to know which variables *might* be determined by some seed set. This includes * deciding quantification (GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.chooseInferredQuantifiers and decideQuantifiedTyVars How can `a` determine (say) `d` in the example above without a fundep? Suppose we have instance (b ~ a, c ~ a) => D (Maybe [a]) (Either b c) Now, if `a` turns out to be a list, it really does determine b and c. The danger in overdoing quantification is the creation of an ambiguous type signature, but this is conveniently caught in the validity checker. Note [Quantification with errors] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If we find that the RHS of the definition has some absolutely-insoluble constraints (including especially "variable not in scope"), we * Abandon all attempts to find a context to quantify over, and instead make the function fully-polymorphic in whatever type we have found * Return a flag from simplifyInfer, indicating that we found an insoluble constraint. This flag is used to suppress the ambiguity check for the inferred type, which may well be bogus, and which tends to obscure the real error. This fix feels a bit clunky, but I failed to come up with anything better. Reasons: - Avoid downstream errors - Do not perform an ambiguity test on a bogus type, which might well fail spuriously, thereby obfuscating the original insoluble error. #14000 is an example I tried an alternative approach: simply failM, after emitting the residual implication constraint; the exception will be caught in GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.tcPolyBinds, which gives all the binders in the group the type (forall a. a). But that didn't work with -fdefer-type-errors, because the recovery from failM emits no code at all, so there is no function to run! But -fdefer-type-errors aspires to produce a runnable program. Note [Default while Inferring] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Our current plan is that defaulting only happens at simplifyTop and not simplifyInfer. This may lead to some insoluble deferred constraints. Example: instance D g => C g Int b constraint inferred = (forall b. 0 => C gamma alpha b) /\ Num alpha type inferred = gamma -> gamma Now, if we try to default (alpha := Int) we will be able to refine the implication to (forall b. 0 => C gamma Int b) which can then be simplified further to (forall b. 0 => D gamma) Finally, we /can/ approximate this implication with (D gamma) and infer the quantified type: forall g. D g => g -> g Instead what will currently happen is that we will get a quantified type (forall g. g -> g) and an implication: forall g. 0 => (forall b. 0 => C g alpha b) /\ Num alpha Which, even if the simplifyTop defaults (alpha := Int) we will still be left with an unsolvable implication: forall g. 0 => (forall b. 0 => D g) The concrete example would be: h :: C g a s => g -> a -> ST s a f (x::gamma) = (\_ -> x) (runST (h x (undefined::alpha)) + 1) But it is quite tedious to do defaulting and resolve the implication constraints, and we have not observed code breaking because of the lack of defaulting in inference, so we don't do it for now. Note [Minimize by Superclasses] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When we quantify over a constraint, in simplifyInfer we need to quantify over a constraint that is minimal in some sense: For instance, if the final wanted constraint is (Eq alpha, Ord alpha), we'd like to quantify over Ord alpha, because we can just get Eq alpha from superclass selection from Ord alpha. This minimization is what mkMinimalBySCs does. Then, simplifyInfer uses the minimal constraint to check the original wanted. Note [Avoid unnecessary constraint simplification] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -------- NB NB NB (Jun 12) ------------- This note not longer applies; see the notes with #4361. But I'm leaving it in here so we remember the issue.) ---------------------------------------- When inferring the type of a let-binding, with simplifyInfer, try to avoid unnecessarily simplifying class constraints. Doing so aids sharing, but it also helps with delicate situations like instance C t => C [t] where .. f :: C [t] => .... f x = let g y = ...(constraint C [t])... in ... When inferring a type for 'g', we don't want to apply the instance decl, because then we can't satisfy (C t). So we just notice that g isn't quantified over 't' and partition the constraints before simplifying. This only half-works, but then let-generalisation only half-works. ********************************************************************************* * * * Main Simplifier * * * *********************************************************************************** -} simplifyWantedsTcM :: [CtEvidence] -> TcM WantedConstraints -- Solve the specified Wanted constraints -- Discard the evidence binds -- Postcondition: fully zonked simplifyWantedsTcM :: [CtEvidence] -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) WantedConstraints simplifyWantedsTcM [CtEvidence] wanted = do { String -> SDoc -> TcM () traceTc String "simplifyWantedsTcM {" ([CtEvidence] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [CtEvidence] wanted) ; (result, _) <- TcS WantedConstraints -> TcM (WantedConstraints, EvBindMap) forall a. TcS a -> TcM (a, EvBindMap) runTcS (WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds ([CtEvidence] -> WantedConstraints mkSimpleWC [CtEvidence] wanted)) ; result <- TcM.liftZonkM $ TcM.zonkWC result ; traceTc "simplifyWantedsTcM }" (ppr result) ; return result } solveWanteds :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints solveWanteds wc :: WantedConstraints wc@(WC { wc_errors :: WantedConstraints -> Bag DelayedError wc_errors = Bag DelayedError errs }) | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wc -- Fast path = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return WantedConstraints wc | Bool otherwise = do { cur_lvl <- TcS TcLevel TcS.getTcLevel ; traceTcS "solveWanteds {" $ vcat [ text "Level =" <+> ppr cur_lvl , ppr wc ] ; dflags <- getDynFlags ; solved_wc <- simplify_loop 0 (solverIterations dflags) True wc ; errs' <- simplifyDelayedErrors errs ; let final_wc = WantedConstraints solved_wc { wc_errors = errs' } ; ev_binds_var <- getTcEvBindsVar ; bb <- TcS.getTcEvBindsMap ev_binds_var ; traceTcS "solveWanteds }" $ vcat [ text "final wc =" <+> ppr final_wc , text "current evbinds =" <+> ppr (evBindMapBinds bb) ] ; return final_wc } simplify_loop :: Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints -- Do a round of solving, and call maybe_simplify_again to iterate -- The 'definitely_redo_implications' flags is False if the only reason we -- are iterating is that we have added some new Wanted superclasses -- hoping for fundeps to help us; see Note [Superclass iteration] -- -- Does not affect wc_holes at all; reason: wc_holes never affects anything -- else, so we do them once, at the end in solveWanteds simplify_loop :: Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints simplify_loop Int n IntWithInf limit Bool definitely_redo_implications wc :: WantedConstraints wc@(WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts simples, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication implics }) = do { SDoc -> TcS () csTraceTcS (SDoc -> TcS ()) -> SDoc -> TcS () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "simplify_loop iteration=" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <> Int -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => Int -> doc int Int n SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> (SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc parens (SDoc -> SDoc) -> SDoc -> SDoc forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [SDoc] -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => [doc] -> doc hsep [ String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "definitely_redo =" SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> Bool -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Bool definitely_redo_implications SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc comma , Int -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => Int -> doc int (Cts -> Int forall a. Bag a -> Int lengthBag Cts simples) SDoc -> SDoc -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => doc -> doc -> doc <+> String -> SDoc forall doc. IsLine doc => String -> doc text String "simples to solve" ]) ; String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "simplify_loop: wc =" (WantedConstraints -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr WantedConstraints wc) ; (unifs1, wc1) <- TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS (Int, WantedConstraints) forall a. TcS a -> TcS (Int, a) reportUnifications (TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS (Int, WantedConstraints)) -> TcS WantedConstraints -> TcS (Int, WantedConstraints) forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ -- See Note [Superclass iteration] Cts -> TcS WantedConstraints solveSimpleWanteds Cts simples -- Any insoluble constraints are in 'simples' and so get rewritten -- See Note [Rewrite insolubles] in GHC.Tc.Solver.InertSet ; wc2 <- if not definitely_redo_implications -- See Note [Superclass iteration] && unifs1 == 0 -- for this conditional && isEmptyBag (wc_impl wc1) then return (wc { wc_simple = wc_simple wc1 }) -- Short cut else do { implics2 <- solveNestedImplications $ implics `unionBags` (wc_impl wc1) ; return (wc { wc_simple = wc_simple wc1 , wc_impl = implics2 }) } ; unif_happened <- resetUnificationFlag ; csTraceTcS $ text "unif_happened" <+> ppr unif_happened -- Note [The Unification Level Flag] in GHC.Tc.Solver.Monad ; maybe_simplify_again (n+1) limit unif_happened wc2 } maybe_simplify_again :: Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints maybe_simplify_again :: Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints maybe_simplify_again Int n IntWithInf limit Bool unif_happened wc :: WantedConstraints wc@(WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts simples }) | Int n Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool `intGtLimit` IntWithInf limit = do { -- Add an error (not a warning) if we blow the limit, -- Typically if we blow the limit we are going to report some other error -- (an unsolved constraint), and we don't want that error to suppress -- the iteration limit warning! TcRnMessage -> TcS () addErrTcS (TcRnMessage -> TcS ()) -> TcRnMessage -> TcS () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ Cts -> IntWithInf -> WantedConstraints -> TcRnMessage TcRnSimplifierTooManyIterations Cts simples IntWithInf limit WantedConstraints wc ; WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return WantedConstraints wc } | Bool unif_happened = Int -> IntWithInf -> Bool -> WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints simplify_loop Int n IntWithInf limit Bool True WantedConstraints wc | WantedConstraints -> Bool superClassesMightHelp WantedConstraints wc = -- We still have unsolved goals, and apparently no way to solve them, -- so try expanding superclasses at this level, both Given and Wanted do { pending_given <- TcS [Ct] getPendingGivenScs ; let (pending_wanted, simples1) = getPendingWantedScs simples ; if null pending_given && null pending_wanted then return wc -- After all, superclasses did not help else do { new_given <- makeSuperClasses pending_given ; new_wanted <- makeSuperClasses pending_wanted ; solveSimpleGivens new_given -- Add the new Givens to the inert set ; traceTcS "maybe_simplify_again" (vcat [ text "pending_given" <+> ppr pending_given , text "new_given" <+> ppr new_given , text "pending_wanted" <+> ppr pending_wanted , text "new_wanted" <+> ppr new_wanted ]) ; simplify_loop n limit (not (null pending_given)) $ wc { wc_simple = simples1 `unionBags` listToBag new_wanted } } } -- (not (null pending_given)): see Note [Superclass iteration] | Bool otherwise = WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return WantedConstraints wc {- Note [Superclass iteration] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider this implication constraint forall a. [W] d: C Int beta forall b. blah where class D a b | a -> b class D a b => C a b We will expand d's superclasses, giving [W] D Int beta, in the hope of geting fundeps to unify beta. Doing so is usually fruitless (no useful fundeps), and if so it seems a pity to waste time iterating the implications (forall b. blah) (If we add new Given superclasses it's a different matter: it's really worth looking at the implications.) Hence the definitely_redo_implications flag to simplify_loop. It's usually True, but False in the case where the only reason to iterate is new Wanted superclasses. In that case we check whether the new Wanteds actually led to any new unifications, and iterate the implications only if so. -} {- Note [Expanding Recursive Superclasses and ExpansionFuel] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider the class declaration (T21909) class C [a] => C a where foo :: a -> Int and suppose during type inference we obtain an implication constraint: forall a. C a => C [[a]] To solve this implication constraint, we first expand one layer of the superclass of Given constraints, but not for Wanted constraints. (See Note [Eagerly expand given superclasses] and Note [Why adding superclasses can help] in GHC.Tc.Solver.Dict.) We thus get: [G] g1 :: C a [G] g2 :: C [a] -- new superclass layer from g1 [W] w1 :: C [[a]] Now, we cannot solve `w1` directly from `g1` or `g2` as we may not have any instances for C. So we expand a layer of superclasses of each Wanteds and Givens that we haven't expanded yet. This is done in `maybe_simplify_again`. And we get: [G] g1 :: C a [G] g2 :: C [a] [G] g3 :: C [[a]] -- new superclass layer from g2, can solve w1 [W] w1 :: C [[a]] [W] w2 :: C [[[a]]] -- new superclass layer from w1, not solvable Now, although we can solve `w1` using `g3` (obtained from expanding `g2`), we have a new wanted constraint `w2` (obtained from expanding `w1`) that cannot be solved. We thus make another go at solving in `maybe_simplify_again` by expanding more layers of superclasses. This looping is futile as Givens will never be able to catch up with Wanteds. Side Note: In principle we don't actually need to /solve/ `w2`, as it is a superclass of `w1` but we only expand it to expose any functional dependencies (see Note [The superclass story]) But `w2` is a wanted constraint, so we will try to solve it like any other, even though ultimately we will discard its evidence. Solution: Simply bound the maximum number of layers of expansion for Givens and Wanteds, with ExpansionFuel. Give the Givens more fuel (say 3 layers) than the Wanteds (say 1 layer). Now the Givens will win. The Wanteds don't need much fuel: we are only expanding at all to expose functional dependencies, and wantedFuel=1 means we will expand a full recursive layer. If the superclass hierarchy is non-recursive (the normal case) one layer is therefore full expansion. The default value for wantedFuel = Constants.max_WANTEDS_FUEL = 1. The default value for givenFuel = Constants.max_GIVENS_FUEL = 3. Both are configurable via the `-fgivens-fuel` and `-fwanteds-fuel` compiler flags. There are two preconditions for the default fuel values: (1) default givenFuel >= default wantedsFuel (2) default givenFuel < solverIterations Precondition (1) ensures that we expand givens at least as many times as we expand wanted constraints preferably givenFuel > wantedsFuel to avoid issues like T21909 while the precondition (2) ensures that we do not reach the solver iteration limit and fail with a more meaningful error message (see T19627) This also applies for quantified constraints; see `-fqcs-fuel` compiler flag and `QCI.qci_pend_sc` field. -} solveNestedImplications :: Bag Implication -> TcS (Bag Implication) -- Precondition: the TcS inerts may contain unsolved simples which have -- to be converted to givens before we go inside a nested implication. solveNestedImplications :: Bag Implication -> TcS (Bag Implication) solveNestedImplications Bag Implication implics | Bag Implication -> Bool forall a. Bag a -> Bool isEmptyBag Bag Implication implics = Bag Implication -> TcS (Bag Implication) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Bag Implication forall a. Bag a emptyBag) | Bool otherwise = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "solveNestedImplications starting {" SDoc forall doc. IsOutput doc => doc empty ; unsolved_implics <- (Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication)) -> Bag Implication -> TcS (Bag (Maybe Implication)) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b) mapBagM Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplication Bag Implication implics -- ... and we are back in the original TcS inerts -- Notice that the original includes the _insoluble_simples so it was safe to ignore -- them in the beginning of this function. ; traceTcS "solveNestedImplications end }" $ vcat [ text "unsolved_implics =" <+> ppr unsolved_implics ] ; return (catBagMaybes unsolved_implics) } solveImplication :: Implication -- Wanted -> TcS (Maybe Implication) -- Simplified implication (empty or singleton) -- Precondition: The TcS monad contains an empty worklist and given-only inerts -- which after trying to solve this implication we must restore to their original value solveImplication :: Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) solveImplication imp :: Implication imp@(Implic { ic_tclvl :: Implication -> TcLevel ic_tclvl = TcLevel tclvl , ic_binds :: Implication -> EvBindsVar ic_binds = EvBindsVar ev_binds_var , ic_given :: Implication -> [TyVar] ic_given = [TyVar] given_ids , ic_wanted :: Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted = WantedConstraints wanteds , ic_info :: Implication -> SkolemInfoAnon ic_info = SkolemInfoAnon info , ic_status :: Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status = ImplicStatus status }) | ImplicStatus -> Bool isSolvedStatus ImplicStatus status = Maybe Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (Implication -> Maybe Implication forall a. a -> Maybe a Just Implication imp) -- Do nothing | Bool otherwise -- Even for IC_Insoluble it is worth doing more work -- The insoluble stuff might be in one sub-implication -- and other unsolved goals in another; and we want to -- solve the latter as much as possible = do { inerts <- TcS InertSet getInertSet ; traceTcS "solveImplication {" (ppr imp $$ text "Inerts" <+> ppr inerts) -- commented out; see `where` clause below -- ; when debugIsOn check_tc_level -- Solve the nested constraints ; (has_given_eqs, given_insols, residual_wanted) <- nestImplicTcS ev_binds_var tclvl $ do { let loc = TcLevel -> SkolemInfoAnon -> CtLocEnv -> CtLoc mkGivenLoc TcLevel tclvl SkolemInfoAnon info (Implication -> CtLocEnv ic_env Implication imp) givens = CtLoc -> [TyVar] -> [Ct] mkGivens CtLoc loc [TyVar] given_ids ; solveSimpleGivens givens ; residual_wanted <- solveWanteds wanteds ; (has_eqs, given_insols) <- getHasGivenEqs tclvl -- Call getHasGivenEqs /after/ solveWanteds, because -- solveWanteds can augment the givens, via expandSuperClasses, -- to reveal given superclass equalities ; return (has_eqs, given_insols, residual_wanted) } ; traceTcS "solveImplication 2" (ppr given_insols $$ ppr residual_wanted) ; let final_wanted = WantedConstraints residual_wanted WantedConstraints -> InertIrreds -> WantedConstraints `addInsols` InertIrreds given_insols -- Don't lose track of the insoluble givens, -- which signal unreachable code; put them in ic_wanted ; res_implic <- setImplicationStatus (imp { ic_given_eqs = has_given_eqs , ic_wanted = final_wanted }) ; evbinds <- TcS.getTcEvBindsMap ev_binds_var ; tcvs <- TcS.getTcEvTyCoVars ev_binds_var ; traceTcS "solveImplication end }" $ vcat [ text "has_given_eqs =" <+> ppr has_given_eqs , text "res_implic =" <+> ppr res_implic , text "implication evbinds =" <+> ppr (evBindMapBinds evbinds) , text "implication tvcs =" <+> ppr tcvs ] ; return res_implic } -- TcLevels must be strictly increasing (see (ImplicInv) in -- Note [TcLevel invariants] in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType), -- and in fact I think they should always increase one level at a time. -- Though sensible, this check causes lots of testsuite failures. It is -- remaining commented out for now. {- check_tc_level = do { cur_lvl <- TcS.getTcLevel ; massertPpr (tclvl == pushTcLevel cur_lvl) (text "Cur lvl =" <+> ppr cur_lvl $$ text "Imp lvl =" <+> ppr tclvl) } -} ---------------------- setImplicationStatus :: Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) -- Finalise the implication returned from solveImplication, -- setting the ic_status field -- Precondition: the ic_status field is not already IC_Solved -- Return Nothing if we can discard the implication altogether setImplicationStatus :: Implication -> TcS (Maybe Implication) setImplicationStatus implic :: Implication implic@(Implic { ic_status :: Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status = ImplicStatus status , ic_info :: Implication -> SkolemInfoAnon ic_info = SkolemInfoAnon info , ic_wanted :: Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted = WantedConstraints wc , ic_given :: Implication -> [TyVar] ic_given = [TyVar] givens }) | Bool -> SDoc -> Bool -> Bool forall a. HasCallStack => Bool -> SDoc -> a -> a assertPpr (Bool -> Bool not (ImplicStatus -> Bool isSolvedStatus ImplicStatus status)) (SkolemInfoAnon -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr SkolemInfoAnon info) (Bool -> Bool) -> Bool -> Bool forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ -- Precondition: we only set the status if it is not already solved Bool -> Bool not (WantedConstraints -> Bool isSolvedWC WantedConstraints pruned_wc) = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "setImplicationStatus(not-all-solved) {" (Implication -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Implication implic) ; implic <- Implication -> TcS Implication neededEvVars Implication implic ; let new_status | WantedConstraints -> Bool insolubleWC WantedConstraints pruned_wc = ImplicStatus IC_Insoluble | Bool otherwise = ImplicStatus IC_Unsolved new_implic = Implication implic { ic_status = new_status , ic_wanted = pruned_wc } ; traceTcS "setImplicationStatus(not-all-solved) }" (ppr new_implic) ; return $ Just new_implic } | Bool otherwise -- Everything is solved -- Set status to IC_Solved, -- and compute the dead givens and outer needs -- See Note [Tracking redundant constraints] = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "setImplicationStatus(all-solved) {" (Implication -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr Implication implic) ; implic@(Implic { ic_need_inner = need_inner , ic_need_outer = need_outer }) <- Implication -> TcS Implication neededEvVars Implication implic ; bad_telescope <- checkBadTelescope implic ; let warn_givens = SkolemInfoAnon -> VarSet -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] findUnnecessaryGivens SkolemInfoAnon info VarSet need_inner [TyVar] givens discard_entire_implication -- Can we discard the entire implication? = [TyVar] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [TyVar] warn_givens -- No warning from this implication Bool -> Bool -> Bool && Bool -> Bool not Bool bad_telescope Bool -> Bool -> Bool && WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints pruned_wc -- No live children Bool -> Bool -> Bool && VarSet -> Bool isEmptyVarSet VarSet need_outer -- No needed vars to pass up to parent final_status | Bool bad_telescope = ImplicStatus IC_BadTelescope | Bool otherwise = IC_Solved { ics_dead :: [TyVar] ics_dead = [TyVar] warn_givens } final_implic = Implication implic { ic_status = final_status , ic_wanted = pruned_wc } ; traceTcS "setImplicationStatus(all-solved) }" $ vcat [ text "discard:" <+> ppr discard_entire_implication , text "new_implic:" <+> ppr final_implic ] ; return $ if discard_entire_implication then Nothing else Just final_implic } where WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts simples, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication implics, wc_errors :: WantedConstraints -> Bag DelayedError wc_errors = Bag DelayedError errs } = WantedConstraints wc pruned_implics :: Bag Implication pruned_implics = (Implication -> Bool) -> Bag Implication -> Bag Implication forall a. (a -> Bool) -> Bag a -> Bag a filterBag Implication -> Bool keep_me Bag Implication implics pruned_wc :: WantedConstraints pruned_wc = WC { wc_simple :: Cts wc_simple = Cts simples , wc_impl :: Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication pruned_implics , wc_errors :: Bag DelayedError wc_errors = Bag DelayedError errs } -- do not prune holes; these should be reported keep_me :: Implication -> Bool keep_me :: Implication -> Bool keep_me Implication ic | IC_Solved { ics_dead :: ImplicStatus -> [TyVar] ics_dead = [TyVar] dead_givens } <- Implication -> ImplicStatus ic_status Implication ic -- Fully solved , [TyVar] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [TyVar] dead_givens -- No redundant givens to report , Bag Implication -> Bool forall a. Bag a -> Bool isEmptyBag (WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl (Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted Implication ic)) -- And no children that might have things to report = Bool False -- Tnen we don't need to keep it | Bool otherwise = Bool True -- Otherwise, keep it findUnnecessaryGivens :: SkolemInfoAnon -> VarSet -> [EvVar] -> [EvVar] findUnnecessaryGivens :: SkolemInfoAnon -> VarSet -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] findUnnecessaryGivens SkolemInfoAnon info VarSet need_inner [TyVar] givens | Bool -> Bool not (SkolemInfoAnon -> Bool warnRedundantGivens SkolemInfoAnon info) -- Don't report redundant constraints at all = [] | Bool -> Bool not ([TyVar] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [TyVar] unused_givens) -- Some givens are literally unused = [TyVar] unused_givens | Bool otherwise -- All givens are used, but some might = [TyVar] redundant_givens -- still be redundant e.g. (Eq a, Ord a) where in_instance_decl :: Bool in_instance_decl = case SkolemInfoAnon info of { InstSkol {} -> Bool True; SkolemInfoAnon _ -> Bool False } -- See Note [Redundant constraints in instance decls] unused_givens :: [TyVar] unused_givens = (TyVar -> Bool) -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] filterOut TyVar -> Bool is_used [TyVar] givens is_used :: TyVar -> Bool is_used TyVar given = TyVar -> Bool is_type_error TyVar given Bool -> Bool -> Bool || TyVar given TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` VarSet need_inner Bool -> Bool -> Bool || (Bool in_instance_decl Bool -> Bool -> Bool && Type -> Bool is_improving (TyVar -> Type idType TyVar given)) minimal_givens :: [TyVar] minimal_givens = (TyVar -> Type) -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. (a -> Type) -> [a] -> [a] mkMinimalBySCs TyVar -> Type evVarPred [TyVar] givens is_minimal :: TyVar -> Bool is_minimal = (TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` [TyVar] -> VarSet mkVarSet [TyVar] minimal_givens) redundant_givens :: [TyVar] redundant_givens | Bool in_instance_decl = [] | Bool otherwise = (TyVar -> Bool) -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] filterOut TyVar -> Bool is_minimal [TyVar] givens -- See #15232 is_type_error :: TyVar -> Bool is_type_error TyVar id = Type -> Bool isTopLevelUserTypeError (TyVar -> Type idType TyVar id) is_improving :: Type -> Bool is_improving Type pred -- (transSuperClasses p) does not include p = (Type -> Bool) -> [Type] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool any Type -> Bool isImprovementPred (Type pred Type -> [Type] -> [Type] forall a. a -> [a] -> [a] : Type -> [Type] transSuperClasses Type pred) {- Note [Redundant constraints in instance decls] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Instance declarations are special in two ways: * We don't report unused givens if they can give rise to improvement. Example (#10100): class Add a b ab | a b -> ab, a ab -> b instance Add Zero b b instance Add a b ab => Add (Succ a) b (Succ ab) The context (Add a b ab) for the instance is clearly unused in terms of evidence, since the dictionary has no fields. But it is still needed! With the context, a wanted constraint Add (Succ Zero) beta (Succ Zero) we will reduce to (Add Zero beta Zero), and thence we get beta := Zero. But without the context we won't find beta := Zero. This only matters in instance declarations. * We don't report givens that are a superclass of another given. E.g. class Ord r => UserOfRegs r a where ... instance (Ord r, UserOfRegs r CmmReg) => UserOfRegs r CmmExpr where The (Ord r) is not redundant, even though it is a superclass of (UserOfRegs r CmmReg). See Note [Recursive superclasses] in GHC.Tc.TyCl.Instance. Again this is specific to instance declarations. -} checkBadTelescope :: Implication -> TcS Bool -- True <=> the skolems form a bad telescope -- See Note [Checking telescopes] in GHC.Tc.Types.Constraint checkBadTelescope :: Implication -> TcS Bool checkBadTelescope (Implic { ic_info :: Implication -> SkolemInfoAnon ic_info = SkolemInfoAnon info , ic_skols :: Implication -> [TyVar] ic_skols = [TyVar] skols }) | SkolemInfoAnon -> Bool checkTelescopeSkol SkolemInfoAnon info = do{ skols <- (TyVar -> TcS TyVar) -> [TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar] forall (t :: * -> *) (m :: * -> *) a b. (Traversable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> [a] -> m [b] mapM TyVar -> TcS TyVar TcS.zonkTyCoVarKind [TyVar] skols ; return (go emptyVarSet (reverse skols))} | Bool otherwise = Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool False where go :: TyVarSet -- skolems that appear *later* than the current ones -> [TcTyVar] -- ordered skolems, in reverse order -> Bool -- True <=> there is an out-of-order skolem go :: VarSet -> [TyVar] -> Bool go VarSet _ [] = Bool False go VarSet later_skols (TyVar one_skol : [TyVar] earlier_skols) | Type -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfType (TyVar -> Type tyVarKind TyVar one_skol) VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `intersectsVarSet` VarSet later_skols = Bool True | Bool otherwise = VarSet -> [TyVar] -> Bool go (VarSet later_skols VarSet -> TyVar -> VarSet `extendVarSet` TyVar one_skol) [TyVar] earlier_skols warnRedundantGivens :: SkolemInfoAnon -> Bool warnRedundantGivens :: SkolemInfoAnon -> Bool warnRedundantGivens (SigSkol UserTypeCtxt ctxt Type _ [(Name, TyVar)] _) = case UserTypeCtxt ctxt of FunSigCtxt Name _ ReportRedundantConstraints rrc -> ReportRedundantConstraints -> Bool reportRedundantConstraints ReportRedundantConstraints rrc ExprSigCtxt ReportRedundantConstraints rrc -> ReportRedundantConstraints -> Bool reportRedundantConstraints ReportRedundantConstraints rrc UserTypeCtxt _ -> Bool False -- To think about: do we want to report redundant givens for -- pattern synonyms, PatSynSigSkol? c.f #9953, comment:21. warnRedundantGivens (InstSkol {}) = Bool True warnRedundantGivens SkolemInfoAnon _ = Bool False neededEvVars :: Implication -> TcS Implication -- Find all the evidence variables that are "needed", -- and delete dead evidence bindings -- See Note [Tracking redundant constraints] -- See Note [Delete dead Given evidence bindings] -- -- - Start from initial_seeds (from nested implications) -- -- - Add free vars of RHS of all Wanted evidence bindings -- and coercion variables accumulated in tcvs (all Wanted) -- -- - Generate 'needed', the needed set of EvVars, by doing transitive -- closure through Given bindings -- e.g. Needed {a,b} -- Given a = sc_sel a2 -- Then a2 is needed too -- -- - Prune out all Given bindings that are not needed -- -- - From the 'needed' set, delete ev_bndrs, the binders of the -- evidence bindings, to give the final needed variables -- neededEvVars :: Implication -> TcS Implication neededEvVars implic :: Implication implic@(Implic { ic_given :: Implication -> [TyVar] ic_given = [TyVar] givens , ic_binds :: Implication -> EvBindsVar ic_binds = EvBindsVar ev_binds_var , ic_wanted :: Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted = WC { wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication implics } , ic_need_inner :: Implication -> VarSet ic_need_inner = VarSet old_needs }) = do { ev_binds <- EvBindsVar -> TcS EvBindMap TcS.getTcEvBindsMap EvBindsVar ev_binds_var ; tcvs <- TcS.getTcEvTyCoVars ev_binds_var ; let seeds1 = (Implication -> VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> Bag Implication -> VarSet forall a b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Bag a -> b forall (t :: * -> *) a b. Foldable t => (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b foldr Implication -> VarSet -> VarSet add_implic_seeds VarSet old_needs Bag Implication implics seeds2 = (EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet) -> VarSet -> EvBindMap -> VarSet forall a. (EvBind -> a -> a) -> a -> EvBindMap -> a nonDetStrictFoldEvBindMap EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet add_wanted VarSet seeds1 EvBindMap ev_binds -- It's OK to use a non-deterministic fold here -- because add_wanted is commutative seeds3 = VarSet seeds2 VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet tcvs need_inner = EvBindMap -> VarSet -> VarSet findNeededEvVars EvBindMap ev_binds VarSet seeds3 live_ev_binds = (EvBind -> Bool) -> EvBindMap -> EvBindMap filterEvBindMap (VarSet -> EvBind -> Bool needed_ev_bind VarSet need_inner) EvBindMap ev_binds need_outer = VarSet -> EvBindMap -> VarSet varSetMinusEvBindMap VarSet need_inner EvBindMap live_ev_binds VarSet -> [TyVar] -> VarSet `delVarSetList` [TyVar] givens ; TcS.setTcEvBindsMap ev_binds_var live_ev_binds -- See Note [Delete dead Given evidence bindings] ; traceTcS "neededEvVars" $ vcat [ text "old_needs:" <+> ppr old_needs , text "seeds3:" <+> ppr seeds3 , text "tcvs:" <+> ppr tcvs , text "ev_binds:" <+> ppr ev_binds , text "live_ev_binds:" <+> ppr live_ev_binds ] ; return (implic { ic_need_inner = need_inner , ic_need_outer = need_outer }) } where add_implic_seeds :: Implication -> VarSet -> VarSet add_implic_seeds (Implic { ic_need_outer :: Implication -> VarSet ic_need_outer = VarSet needs }) VarSet acc = VarSet needs VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet acc needed_ev_bind :: VarSet -> EvBind -> Bool needed_ev_bind VarSet needed (EvBind { eb_lhs :: EvBind -> TyVar eb_lhs = TyVar ev_var , eb_info :: EvBind -> EvBindInfo eb_info = EvBindInfo info }) | EvBindGiven{} <- EvBindInfo info = TyVar ev_var TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` VarSet needed | Bool otherwise = Bool True -- Keep all wanted bindings add_wanted :: EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet add_wanted :: EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet add_wanted (EvBind { eb_info :: EvBind -> EvBindInfo eb_info = EvBindInfo info, eb_rhs :: EvBind -> EvTerm eb_rhs = EvTerm rhs }) VarSet needs | EvBindGiven{} <- EvBindInfo info = VarSet needs -- Add the rhs vars of the Wanted bindings only | Bool otherwise = EvTerm -> VarSet evVarsOfTerm EvTerm rhs VarSet -> VarSet -> VarSet `unionVarSet` VarSet needs ------------------------------------------------- simplifyDelayedErrors :: Bag DelayedError -> TcS (Bag DelayedError) -- Simplify any delayed errors: e.g. type and term holes -- NB: At this point we have finished with all the simple -- constraints; they are in wc_simple, not in the inert set. -- So those Wanteds will not rewrite these delayed errors. -- That's probably no bad thing. -- -- However if we have [W] alpha ~ Maybe a, [W] alpha ~ Int -- and _ : alpha, then we'll /unify/ alpha with the first of -- the Wanteds we get, and thereby report (_ : Maybe a) or -- (_ : Int) unpredictably, depending on which we happen to see -- first. Doesn't matter much; there is a type error anyhow. -- T17139 is a case in point. simplifyDelayedErrors :: Bag DelayedError -> TcS (Bag DelayedError) simplifyDelayedErrors = (DelayedError -> TcS DelayedError) -> Bag DelayedError -> TcS (Bag DelayedError) forall (m :: * -> *) a b. Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Bag a -> m (Bag b) mapBagM DelayedError -> TcS DelayedError simpl_err where simpl_err :: DelayedError -> TcS DelayedError simpl_err :: DelayedError -> TcS DelayedError simpl_err (DE_Hole Hole hole) = Hole -> DelayedError DE_Hole (Hole -> DelayedError) -> TcS Hole -> TcS DelayedError forall (f :: * -> *) a b. Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b <$> Hole -> TcS Hole simpl_hole Hole hole simpl_err err :: DelayedError err@(DE_NotConcrete {}) = DelayedError -> TcS DelayedError forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return DelayedError err simpl_hole :: Hole -> TcS Hole -- See Note [Do not simplify ConstraintHoles] simpl_hole :: Hole -> TcS Hole simpl_hole h :: Hole h@(Hole { hole_sort :: Hole -> HoleSort hole_sort = HoleSort ConstraintHole }) = Hole -> TcS Hole forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Hole h -- other wildcards should be simplified for printing -- we must do so here, and not in the error-message generation -- code, because we have all the givens already set up simpl_hole h :: Hole h@(Hole { hole_ty :: Hole -> Type hole_ty = Type ty, hole_loc :: Hole -> CtLoc hole_loc = CtLoc loc }) = do { ty' <- CtLoc -> Type -> TcS Type rewriteType CtLoc loc Type ty ; traceTcS "simpl_hole" (ppr ty $$ ppr ty') ; return (h { hole_ty = ty' }) } {- Note [Delete dead Given evidence bindings] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ As a result of superclass expansion, we speculatively generate evidence bindings for Givens. E.g. f :: (a ~ b) => a -> b -> Bool f x y = ... We'll have [G] d1 :: (a~b) and we'll speculatively generate the evidence binding [G] d2 :: (a ~# b) = sc_sel d Now d2 is available for solving. But it may not be needed! Usually such dead superclass selections will eventually be dropped as dead code, but: * It won't always be dropped (#13032). In the case of an unlifted-equality superclass like d2 above, we generate case heq_sc d1 of d2 -> ... and we can't (in general) drop that case expression in case d1 is bottom. So it's technically unsound to have added it in the first place. * Simply generating all those extra superclasses can generate lots of code that has to be zonked, only to be discarded later. Better not to generate it in the first place. Moreover, if we simplify this implication more than once (e.g. because we can't solve it completely on the first iteration of simpl_loop), we'll generate all the same bindings AGAIN! Easy solution: take advantage of the work we are doing to track dead (unused) Givens, and use it to prune the Given bindings too. This is all done by neededEvVars. This led to a remarkable 25% overall compiler allocation decrease in test T12227. But we don't get to discard all redundant equality superclasses, alas; see #15205. Note [Do not simplify ConstraintHoles] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Before printing the inferred value for a type hole (a _ wildcard in a partial type signature), we simplify it w.r.t. any Givens. This makes for an easier-to-understand diagnostic for the user. However, we do not wish to do this for extra-constraint holes. Here is the example for why (partial-sigs/should_compile/T12844): bar :: _ => FooData rngs bar = foo data FooData rngs class Foo xs where foo :: (Head xs ~ '(r,r')) => FooData xs type family Head (xs :: [k]) where Head (x ': xs) = x GHC correctly infers that the extra-constraints wildcard on `bar` should be (Head rngs ~ '(r, r'), Foo rngs). It then adds this constraint as a Given on the implication constraint for `bar`. (This implication is emitted by emitResidualConstraints.) The Hole for the _ is stored within the implication's WantedConstraints. When simplifyHoles is called, that constraint is already assumed as a Given. Simplifying with respect to it turns it into ('(r, r') ~ '(r, r'), Foo rngs), which is disastrous. Furthermore, there is no need to simplify here: extra-constraints wildcards are filled in with the output of the solver, in chooseInferredQuantifiers (choose_psig_context), so they are already simplified. (Contrast to normal type holes, which are just bound to a meta-variable.) Avoiding the poor output is simple: just don't simplify extra-constraints wildcards. This is the only reason we need to track ConstraintHole separately from TypeHole in HoleSort. See also Note [Extra-constraint holes in partial type signatures] in GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType. Note [Tracking redundant constraints] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ With Opt_WarnRedundantConstraints, GHC can report which constraints of a type signature (or instance declaration) are redundant, and can be omitted. Here is an overview of how it works. This is all tested in typecheck/should_compile/T20602 (among others). ----- What is a redundant constraint? * The things that can be redundant are precisely the Given constraints of an implication. * A constraint can be redundant in two different ways: a) It is not needed by the Wanted constraints covered by the implication E.g. f :: Eq a => a -> Bool f x = True -- Equality not used b) It is implied by other givens. E.g. f :: (Eq a, Ord a) => blah -- Eq a unnecessary g :: (Eq a, a~b, Eq b) => blah -- Either Eq a or Eq b unnecessary * To find (a) we need to know which evidence bindings are 'wanted'; hence the eb_is_given field on an EvBind. * To find (b), we use mkMinimalBySCs on the Givens to see if any are unnecessary. ----- How tracking works (RC1) When two Givens are the same, we drop the evidence for the one that requires more superclass selectors. This is done according to 2(c) of Note [Replacement vs keeping] in GHC.Tc.Solver.InertSet. (RC2) The ic_need fields of an Implic records in-scope (given) evidence variables bound by the context, that were needed to solve this implication (so far). See the declaration of Implication. (RC3) setImplicationStatus: When the constraint solver finishes solving all the wanteds in an implication, it sets its status to IC_Solved - The ics_dead field, of IC_Solved, records the subset of this implication's ic_given that are redundant (not needed). - We compute which evidence variables are needed by an implication in setImplicationStatus. A variable is needed if a) it is free in the RHS of a Wanted EvBind, b) it is free in the RHS of an EvBind whose LHS is needed, or c) it is in the ics_need of a nested implication. - After computing which variables are needed, we then look at the remaining variables for internal redundancies. This is case (b) from above. This is also done in setImplicationStatus. Note that we only look for case (b) if case (a) shows up empty, as exemplified below. - We need to be careful not to discard an implication prematurely, even one that is fully solved, because we might thereby forget which variables it needs, and hence wrongly report a constraint as redundant. But we can discard it once its free vars have been incorporated into its parent; or if it simply has no free vars. This careful discarding is also handled in setImplicationStatus. (RC4) We do not want to report redundant constraints for implications that come from quantified constraints. Example #23323: data T a instance Show (T a) where ... -- No context! foo :: forall f c. (forall a. c a => Show (f a)) => Proxy c -> f Int -> Int bar = foo @T @Eq The call to `foo` gives us [W] d : (forall a. Eq a => Show (T a)) To solve this, GHC.Tc.Solver.Solve.solveForAll makes an implication constraint: forall a. Eq a => [W] ds : Show (T a) and because of the degnerate instance for `Show (T a)`, we don't need the `Eq a` constraint. But we don't want to report it as redundant! * Examples: f, g, h :: (Eq a, Ord a) => a -> Bool f x = x == x g x = x > x h x = x == x && x > x All three will discover that they have two [G] Eq a constraints: one as given and one extracted from the Ord a constraint. They will both discard the latter, as noted above and in Note [Replacement vs keeping] in GHC.Tc.Solver.InertSet. The body of f uses the [G] Eq a, but not the [G] Ord a. It will report a redundant Ord a using the logic for case (a). The body of g uses the [G] Ord a, but not the [G] Eq a. It will report a redundant Eq a using the logic for case (a). The body of h uses both [G] Ord a and [G] Eq a. Case (a) will thus come up with nothing redundant. But then, the case (b) check will discover that Eq a is redundant and report this. If we did case (b) even when case (a) reports something, then we would report both constraints as redundant for f, which is terrible. ----- Reporting redundant constraints * GHC.Tc.Errors does the actual warning, in warnRedundantConstraints. * We don't report redundant givens for *every* implication; only for those which reply True to GHC.Tc.Solver.warnRedundantGivens: - For example, in a class declaration, the default method *can* use the class constraint, but it certainly doesn't *have* to, and we don't want to report an error there. Ditto instance decls. - More subtly, in a function definition f :: (Ord a, Ord a, Ix a) => a -> a f x = rhs we do an ambiguity check on the type (which would find that one of the Ord a constraints was redundant), and then we check that the definition has that type (which might find that both are redundant). We don't want to report the same error twice, so we disable it for the ambiguity check. Hence using two different FunSigCtxts, one with the warn-redundant field set True, and the other set False in - GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.tcSpecPrag - GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.tcTySig This decision is taken in setImplicationStatus, rather than GHC.Tc.Errors so that we can discard implication constraints that we don't need. So ics_dead consists only of the *reportable* redundant givens. ----- Shortcomings Shortcoming 1. Consider j :: (Eq a, a ~ b) => a -> Bool j x = x == x k :: (Eq a, b ~ a) => a -> Bool k x = x == x Currently (Nov 2021), j issues no warning, while k says that b ~ a is redundant. This is because j uses the a ~ b constraint to rewrite everything to be in terms of b, while k does none of that. This is ridiculous, but I (Richard E) don't see a good fix. Shortcoming 2. Removing a redundant constraint can cause clients to fail to compile, by making the function more polymoprhic. Consider (#16154) f :: (a ~ Bool) => a -> Int f x = 3 g :: String -> Int g s = f (read s) The constraint in f's signature is redundant; not used to typecheck `f`. And yet if you remove it, `g` won't compile, because there'll be an ambiguous variable in `g`. -} -- | Like 'defaultTyVar', but in the TcS monad. defaultTyVarTcS :: TcTyVar -> TcS Bool defaultTyVarTcS :: TyVar -> TcS Bool defaultTyVarTcS TyVar the_tv | TyVar -> Bool isTyVarTyVar TyVar the_tv -- TyVarTvs should only be unified with a tyvar -- never with a type; c.f. GHC.Tc.Utils.TcMType.defaultTyVar -- and Note [Inferring kinds for type declarations] in GHC.Tc.TyCl = Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool False | TyVar -> Bool isRuntimeRepVar TyVar the_tv = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "defaultTyVarTcS RuntimeRep" (TyVar -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr TyVar the_tv) ; TyVar -> Type -> TcS () unifyTyVar TyVar the_tv Type liftedRepTy ; Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool True } | TyVar -> Bool isLevityVar TyVar the_tv = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "defaultTyVarTcS Levity" (TyVar -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr TyVar the_tv) ; TyVar -> Type -> TcS () unifyTyVar TyVar the_tv Type liftedDataConTy ; Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool True } | TyVar -> Bool isMultiplicityVar TyVar the_tv = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "defaultTyVarTcS Multiplicity" (TyVar -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr TyVar the_tv) ; TyVar -> Type -> TcS () unifyTyVar TyVar the_tv Type ManyTy ; Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool True } | Bool otherwise = Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool False -- the common case approximateWC :: Bool -- See Wrinkle (W3) in Note [ApproximateWC] -> WantedConstraints -> Cts -- Second return value is the depleted wc -- Postcondition: Wanted Cts -- See Note [ApproximateWC] -- See Note [floatKindEqualities vs approximateWC] approximateWC :: Bool -> WantedConstraints -> Cts approximateWC Bool float_past_equalities WantedConstraints wc = Bool -> VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Cts float_wc Bool False VarSet emptyVarSet WantedConstraints wc where float_wc :: Bool -- True <=> there are enclosing equalities -> TcTyCoVarSet -- Enclosing skolem binders -> WantedConstraints -> Cts float_wc :: Bool -> VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Cts float_wc Bool encl_eqs VarSet trapping_tvs (WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts simples, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication implics }) = (Ct -> Bool) -> Cts -> Cts forall a. (a -> Bool) -> Bag a -> Bag a filterBag (Bool -> VarSet -> Ct -> Bool is_floatable Bool encl_eqs VarSet trapping_tvs) Cts simples Cts -> Cts -> Cts forall a. Bag a -> Bag a -> Bag a `unionBags` (Implication -> Cts) -> Bag Implication -> Cts forall a b. (a -> Bag b) -> Bag a -> Bag b concatMapBag (Bool -> VarSet -> Implication -> Cts float_implic Bool encl_eqs VarSet trapping_tvs) Bag Implication implics float_implic :: Bool -> TcTyCoVarSet -> Implication -> Cts float_implic :: Bool -> VarSet -> Implication -> Cts float_implic Bool encl_eqs VarSet trapping_tvs Implication imp = Bool -> VarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Cts float_wc Bool new_encl_eqs VarSet new_trapping_tvs (Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted Implication imp) where new_trapping_tvs :: VarSet new_trapping_tvs = VarSet trapping_tvs VarSet -> [TyVar] -> VarSet `extendVarSetList` Implication -> [TyVar] ic_skols Implication imp new_encl_eqs :: Bool new_encl_eqs = Bool encl_eqs Bool -> Bool -> Bool || Implication -> HasGivenEqs ic_given_eqs Implication imp HasGivenEqs -> HasGivenEqs -> Bool forall a. Eq a => a -> a -> Bool == HasGivenEqs MaybeGivenEqs is_floatable :: Bool -> VarSet -> Ct -> Bool is_floatable Bool encl_eqs VarSet skol_tvs Ct ct | Ct -> Bool isGivenCt Ct ct = Bool False | Ct -> Bool insolubleCt Ct ct = Bool False | Ct -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfCt Ct ct VarSet -> VarSet -> Bool `intersectsVarSet` VarSet skol_tvs = Bool False | Bool otherwise = case Type -> Pred classifyPredType (Ct -> Type ctPred Ct ct) of EqPred {} -> Bool float_past_equalities Bool -> Bool -> Bool || Bool -> Bool not Bool encl_eqs -- See Wrinkle (W1) ClassPred {} -> Bool True -- See Wrinkle (W2) IrredPred {} -> Bool True -- ..both in Note [ApproximateWC] ForAllPred {} -> Bool False {- Note [ApproximateWC] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ approximateWC takes a constraint, typically arising from the RHS of a let-binding whose type we are *inferring*, and extracts from it some *simple* constraints that we might plausibly abstract over. Of course the top-level simple constraints are plausible, but we also float constraints out from inside, if they are not captured by skolems. The same function is used when doing type-class defaulting (see the call to applyDefaultingRules) to extract constraints that might be defaulted. Wrinkle (W1) When inferring most-general types (in simplifyInfer), we do *not* float an equality constraint if the implication binds equality constraints, because that defeats the OutsideIn story. Consider data T a where TInt :: T Int MkT :: T a f TInt = 3::Int We get the implication (a ~ Int => res ~ Int), where so far we've decided f :: T a -> res We don't want to float (res~Int) out because then we'll infer f :: T a -> Int which is only on of the possible types. (GHC 7.6 accidentally *did* float out of such implications, which meant it would happily infer non-principal types.) Wrinkle (W2) We do allow /class/ constraints to float, even if the implication binds equalities. This is a subtle point: see #23224. In principle, a class constraint might ultimately be satisfiable from a constraint bound by an implication (see #19106 for an example of this kind), but it's extremely obscure and I was unable to construct a concrete example. In any case, in super-subtle cases where this might make a difference, you would be much better advised to simply write a type signature. I included IrredPred here too, for good measure. In general, abstracting over more constraints does no harm. Wrinkle (W3) In findDefaultableGroups we are not worried about the most-general type; and we /do/ want to float out of equalities (#12797). Hence the boolean flag to approximateWC. ------ Historical note ----------- There used to be a second caveat, driven by #8155 2. We do not float out an inner constraint that shares a type variable (transitively) with one that is trapped by a skolem. Eg forall a. F a ~ beta, Integral beta We don't want to float out (Integral beta). Doing so would be bad when defaulting, because then we'll default beta:=Integer, and that makes the error message much worse; we'd get Can't solve F a ~ Integer rather than Can't solve Integral (F a) Moreover, floating out these "contaminated" constraints doesn't help when generalising either. If we generalise over (Integral b), we still can't solve the retained implication (forall a. F a ~ b). Indeed, arguably that too would be a harder error to understand. But this transitive closure stuff gives rise to a complex rule for when defaulting actually happens, and one that was never documented. Moreover (#12923), the more complex rule is sometimes NOT what you want. So I simply removed the extra code to implement the contamination stuff. There was zero effect on the testsuite (not even #8155). ------ End of historical note ----------- Note [DefaultTyVar] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ defaultTyVar is used on any un-instantiated meta type variables to default any RuntimeRep variables to LiftedRep. This is important to ensure that instance declarations match. For example consider instance Show (a->b) foo x = show (\_ -> True) Then we'll get a constraint (Show (p ->q)) where p has kind (TYPE r), and that won't match the typeKind (*) in the instance decl. See tests tc217 and tc175. We look only at touchable type variables. No further constraints are going to affect these type variables, so it's time to do it by hand. However we aren't ready to default them fully to () or whatever, because the type-class defaulting rules have yet to run. An alternate implementation would be to emit a Wanted constraint setting the RuntimeRep variable to LiftedRep, but this seems unnecessarily indirect. Note [Promote _and_ default when inferring] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When we are inferring a type, we simplify the constraint, and then use approximateWC to produce a list of candidate constraints. Then we MUST a) Promote any meta-tyvars that have been floated out by approximateWC, to restore invariant (WantedInv) described in Note [TcLevel invariants] in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType. b) Default the kind of any meta-tyvars that are not mentioned in in the environment. To see (b), suppose the constraint is (C ((a :: OpenKind) -> Int)), and we have an instance (C ((x:*) -> Int)). The instance doesn't match -- but it should! If we don't solve the constraint, we'll stupidly quantify over (C (a->Int)) and, worse, in doing so skolemiseQuantifiedTyVar will quantify over (b:*) instead of (a:OpenKind), which can lead to disaster; see #7332. #7641 is a simpler example. Note [Promoting unification variables] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When we float an equality out of an implication we must "promote" free unification variables of the equality, in order to maintain Invariant (WantedInv) from Note [TcLevel invariants] in GHC.Tc.Types.TcType. This is absolutely necessary. Consider the following example. We start with two implications and a class with a functional dependency. class C x y | x -> y instance C [a] [a] (I1) [untch=beta]forall b. 0 => F Int ~ [beta] (I2) [untch=beta]forall c. 0 => F Int ~ [[alpha]] /\ C beta [c] We float (F Int ~ [beta]) out of I1, and we float (F Int ~ [[alpha]]) out of I2. They may react to yield that (beta := [alpha]) which can then be pushed inwards the leftover of I2 to get (C [alpha] [a]) which, using the FunDep, will mean that (alpha := a). In the end we will have the skolem 'b' escaping in the untouchable beta! Concrete example is in indexed_types/should_fail/ExtraTcsUntch.hs: class C x y | x -> y where op :: x -> y -> () instance C [a] [a] type family F a :: * h :: F Int -> () h = undefined data TEx where TEx :: a -> TEx f (x::beta) = let g1 :: forall b. b -> () g1 _ = h [x] g2 z = case z of TEx y -> (h [[undefined]], op x [y]) in (g1 '3', g2 undefined) ********************************************************************************* * * * Defaulting and disambiguation * * * ********************************************************************************* Note [Defaulting plugins] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Defaulting plugins enable extending or overriding the defaulting behaviour. In `applyDefaulting`, before the built-in defaulting mechanism runs, the loaded defaulting plugins are passed the `WantedConstraints` and get a chance to propose defaulting assignments based on them. Proposals are represented as `[DefaultingProposal]` with each proposal consisting of a type variable to fill-in, the list of defaulting types to try in order, and a set of constraints to check at each try. This is the same representation (albeit in a nicely packaged-up data type) as the candidates generated by the built-in defaulting mechanism, so the actual trying of proposals is done by the same `disambigGroup` function. Wrinkle (DP1): The role of `WantedConstraints` Plugins are passed `WantedConstraints` that can perhaps be progressed on by defaulting. But a defaulting plugin is not a solver plugin, its job is to provide defaulting proposals, i.e. mappings of type variable to types. How do plugins know which type variables they are supposed to default? The `WantedConstraints` passed to the defaulting plugin are zonked beforehand to ensure all remaining metavariables are unfilled. Thus, the `WantedConstraints` serve a dual purpose: they are both the constraints of the given context that can act as hints to the defaulting, as well as the containers of the type variables under consideration for defaulting. Wrinkle (DP2): Interactions between defaulting mechanisms In the general case, we have multiple defaulting plugins loaded and there is also the built-in defaulting mechanism. In this case, we have to be careful to keep the `WantedConstraints` passed to the plugins up-to-date by zonking between successful defaulting rounds. Otherwise, two plugins might come up with a defaulting proposal for the same metavariable; if the first one is accepted by `disambigGroup` (thus the meta gets filled), the second proposal becomes invalid (see #23821 for an example). -} applyDefaultingRules :: WantedConstraints -> TcS Bool -- True <=> I did some defaulting, by unifying a meta-tyvar -- Input WantedConstraints are not necessarily zonked applyDefaultingRules :: WantedConstraints -> TcS Bool applyDefaultingRules WantedConstraints wanteds | WantedConstraints -> Bool isEmptyWC WantedConstraints wanteds = Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool False | Bool otherwise = do { info@(default_tys, _) <- TcS ([Type], (Bool, Bool)) getDefaultInfo ; wanteds <- TcS.zonkWC wanteds ; tcg_env <- TcS.getGblEnv ; let plugins = TcGblEnv -> [FillDefaulting] tcg_defaulting_plugins TcGblEnv tcg_env -- Run any defaulting plugins -- See Note [Defaulting plugins] for an overview ; (wanteds, plugin_defaulted) <- if null plugins then return (wanteds, []) else do { ; traceTcS "defaultingPlugins {" (ppr wanteds) ; (wanteds, defaultedGroups) <- mapAccumLM run_defaulting_plugin wanteds plugins ; traceTcS "defaultingPlugins }" (ppr defaultedGroups) ; return (wanteds, defaultedGroups) } ; let groups = ([Type], (Bool, Bool)) -> WantedConstraints -> [(TyVar, [Ct])] findDefaultableGroups ([Type], (Bool, Bool)) info WantedConstraints wanteds ; traceTcS "applyDefaultingRules {" $ vcat [ text "wanteds =" <+> ppr wanteds , text "groups =" <+> ppr groups , text "info =" <+> ppr info ] ; something_happeneds <- mapM (disambigGroup wanteds default_tys) groups ; traceTcS "applyDefaultingRules }" (ppr something_happeneds) ; return $ or something_happeneds || or plugin_defaulted } where run_defaulting_plugin :: WantedConstraints -> FillDefaulting -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bool) run_defaulting_plugin WantedConstraints wanteds FillDefaulting p = do { groups <- TcPluginM [DefaultingProposal] -> TcS [DefaultingProposal] forall a. TcPluginM a -> TcS a runTcPluginTcS (FillDefaulting p WantedConstraints wanteds) ; defaultedGroups <- filterM (\DefaultingProposal g -> WantedConstraints -> [Ct] -> [[(TyVar, Type)]] -> TcS Bool disambigMultiGroup WantedConstraints wanteds (DefaultingProposal -> [Ct] deProposalCts DefaultingProposal g) (DefaultingProposal -> [[(TyVar, Type)]] deProposals DefaultingProposal g)) groups ; traceTcS "defaultingPlugin " $ ppr defaultedGroups ; case defaultedGroups of [] -> (WantedConstraints, Bool) -> TcS (WantedConstraints, Bool) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return (WantedConstraints wanteds, Bool False) [DefaultingProposal] _ -> do -- If a defaulting plugin solves any tyvars, some of the wanteds -- will have filled-in metavars by now (see wrinkle DP2 of -- Note [Defaulting plugins]). So we re-zonk to make sure later -- defaulting doesn't try to solve the same metavars. wanteds' <- WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints TcS.zonkWC WantedConstraints wanteds return (wanteds', True) } findDefaultableGroups :: ( [Type] , (Bool,Bool) ) -- (Overloaded strings, extended default rules) -> WantedConstraints -- Unsolved -> [(TyVar, [Ct])] findDefaultableGroups :: ([Type], (Bool, Bool)) -> WantedConstraints -> [(TyVar, [Ct])] findDefaultableGroups ([Type] default_tys, (Bool ovl_strings, Bool extended_defaults)) WantedConstraints wanteds | [Type] -> Bool forall a. [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> Bool null [Type] default_tys = [] | Bool otherwise = [ (TyVar tv, ((Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Ct) -> [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] -> [Ct] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Ct forall a b c. (a, b, c) -> a fstOf3 [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] group) | group' :: NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar) group'@((Ct _,Class _,TyVar tv) :| [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] _) <- [NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar)] unary_groups , let group :: [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] group = NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] forall a. NonEmpty a -> [a] forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => t a -> [a] toList NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar) group' , TyVar -> Bool defaultable_tyvar TyVar tv , [Class] -> Bool defaultable_classes (((Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Class) -> [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] -> [Class] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Class forall a b c. (a, b, c) -> b sndOf3 [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] group) ] where simples :: Cts simples = Bool -> WantedConstraints -> Cts approximateWC Bool True WantedConstraints wanteds ([(Ct, Class, TyVar)] unaries, [Ct] non_unaries) = (Ct -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct) -> [Ct] -> ([(Ct, Class, TyVar)], [Ct]) forall a b c. (a -> Either b c) -> [a] -> ([b], [c]) partitionWith Ct -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct find_unary (Cts -> [Ct] forall a. Bag a -> [a] bagToList Cts simples) unary_groups :: [NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar)] unary_groups = ((Ct, Class, TyVar) -> (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Ordering) -> [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] -> [NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TyVar)] forall a. (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [NonEmpty a] equivClasses (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Ordering forall {a} {a} {b} {a} {b}. Ord a => (a, b, a) -> (a, b, a) -> Ordering cmp_tv [(Ct, Class, TyVar)] unaries unary_groups :: [NonEmpty (Ct, Class, TcTyVar)] -- (C tv) constraints unaries :: [(Ct, Class, TcTyVar)] -- (C tv) constraints non_unaries :: [Ct] -- and *other* constraints -- Finds unary type-class constraints -- But take account of polykinded classes like Typeable, -- which may look like (Typeable * (a:*)) (#8931) find_unary :: Ct -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct find_unary :: Ct -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct find_unary Ct cc | Just (Class cls,[Type] tys) <- Type -> Maybe (Class, [Type]) getClassPredTys_maybe (Ct -> Type ctPred Ct cc) , [Type ty] <- TyCon -> [Type] -> [Type] filterOutInvisibleTypes (Class -> TyCon classTyCon Class cls) [Type] tys -- Ignore invisible arguments for this purpose , Just TyVar tv <- Type -> Maybe TyVar getTyVar_maybe Type ty , TyVar -> Bool isMetaTyVar TyVar tv -- We might have runtime-skolems in GHCi, and -- we definitely don't want to try to assign to those! = (Ct, Class, TyVar) -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct forall a b. a -> Either a b Left (Ct cc, Class cls, TyVar tv) find_unary Ct cc = Ct -> Either (Ct, Class, TyVar) Ct forall a b. b -> Either a b Right Ct cc -- Non unary or non dictionary bad_tvs :: TcTyCoVarSet -- TyVars mentioned by non-unaries bad_tvs :: VarSet bad_tvs = (Ct -> VarSet) -> [Ct] -> VarSet forall a. (a -> VarSet) -> [a] -> VarSet mapUnionVarSet Ct -> VarSet tyCoVarsOfCt [Ct] non_unaries cmp_tv :: (a, b, a) -> (a, b, a) -> Ordering cmp_tv (a _,b _,a tv1) (a _,b _,a tv2) = a tv1 a -> a -> Ordering forall a. Ord a => a -> a -> Ordering `compare` a tv2 defaultable_tyvar :: TcTyVar -> Bool defaultable_tyvar :: TyVar -> Bool defaultable_tyvar TyVar tv = let b1 :: Bool b1 = TyVar -> Bool isTyConableTyVar TyVar tv -- Note [Avoiding spurious errors] b2 :: Bool b2 = Bool -> Bool not (TyVar tv TyVar -> VarSet -> Bool `elemVarSet` VarSet bad_tvs) in Bool b1 Bool -> Bool -> Bool && (Bool b2 Bool -> Bool -> Bool || Bool extended_defaults) -- Note [Multi-parameter defaults] defaultable_classes :: [Class] -> Bool defaultable_classes :: [Class] -> Bool defaultable_classes [Class] clss | Bool extended_defaults = (Class -> Bool) -> [Class] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool any (Bool -> Class -> Bool isInteractiveClass Bool ovl_strings) [Class] clss | Bool otherwise = (Class -> Bool) -> [Class] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool all Class -> Bool is_std_class [Class] clss Bool -> Bool -> Bool && ((Class -> Bool) -> [Class] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool any (Bool -> Class -> Bool isNumClass Bool ovl_strings) [Class] clss) -- is_std_class adds IsString to the standard numeric classes, -- when -XOverloadedStrings is enabled is_std_class :: Class -> Bool is_std_class Class cls = Class -> Bool isStandardClass Class cls Bool -> Bool -> Bool || (Bool ovl_strings Bool -> Bool -> Bool && (Class cls Class -> Unique -> Bool forall a. Uniquable a => a -> Unique -> Bool `hasKey` Unique isStringClassKey)) ------------------------------ disambigGroup :: WantedConstraints -- ^ Original constraints, for diagnostic purposes -> [Type] -- ^ The default types -> (TcTyVar, [Ct]) -- ^ All constraints sharing same type variable -> TcS Bool -- True <=> something happened, reflected in ty_binds disambigGroup :: WantedConstraints -> [Type] -> (TyVar, [Ct]) -> TcS Bool disambigGroup WantedConstraints orig_wanteds [Type] default_tys (TyVar the_tv, [Ct] wanteds) = WantedConstraints -> [Ct] -> [[(TyVar, Type)]] -> TcS Bool disambigMultiGroup WantedConstraints orig_wanteds [Ct] wanteds [[(TyVar the_tv, Type default_ty)] | Type default_ty <- [Type] default_tys] disambigMultiGroup :: WantedConstraints -- ^ Original constraints, for diagnostic purposes -> [Ct] -- ^ check these are solved by defaulting -> [[(TcTyVar, Type)]] -- ^ defaulting type assignments to try -> TcS Bool -- True <=> something happened, reflected in ty_binds disambigMultiGroup :: WantedConstraints -> [Ct] -> [[(TyVar, Type)]] -> TcS Bool disambigMultiGroup WantedConstraints orig_wanteds [Ct] wanteds = ([(TyVar, Type)] -> TcS Bool) -> [[(TyVar, Type)]] -> TcS Bool forall (m :: * -> *) (f :: * -> *) a. (Monad m, Foldable f) => (a -> m Bool) -> f a -> m Bool anyM [(TyVar, Type)] -> TcS Bool propose where propose :: [(TyVar, Type)] -> TcS Bool propose [(TyVar, Type)] proposal = do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "disambigMultiGroup {" ([SDoc] -> SDoc forall doc. IsDoc doc => [doc] -> doc vcat [ [(TyVar, Type)] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [(TyVar, Type)] proposal, [Ct] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [Ct] wanteds ]) ; invalid_tvs <- (TyVar -> TcS Bool) -> [TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar] forall (m :: * -> *) a. Applicative m => (a -> m Bool) -> [a] -> m [a] filterOutM TyVar -> TcS Bool TcS.isUnfilledMetaTyVar [TyVar] tvs ; traverse_ (errInvalidDefaultedTyVar orig_wanteds proposal) (nonEmpty invalid_tvs) ; fake_ev_binds_var <- TcS.newTcEvBinds ; tclvl <- TcS.getTcLevel ; mb_subst <- nestImplicTcS fake_ev_binds_var (pushTcLevel tclvl) try_group ; case mb_subst of Just Subst subst -> -- Success: record the type variable bindings, and return do { deep_tvs <- (TyVar -> TcS Bool) -> [TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar] forall (m :: * -> *) a. Applicative m => (a -> m Bool) -> [a] -> m [a] filterM TyVar -> TcS Bool TcS.isUnfilledMetaTyVar ([TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar]) -> [TyVar] -> TcS [TyVar] forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ VarSet -> [TyVar] forall elt. UniqSet elt -> [elt] nonDetEltsUniqSet (VarSet -> [TyVar]) -> VarSet -> [TyVar] forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ VarSet -> VarSet closeOverKinds ([TyVar] -> VarSet mkVarSet [TyVar] tvs) ; forM_ deep_tvs $ \ TyVar tv -> (Type -> TcS ()) -> Maybe Type -> TcS () forall (t :: * -> *) (m :: * -> *) a b. (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m () mapM_ (TyVar -> Type -> TcS () unifyTyVar TyVar tv) (VarEnv Type -> TyVar -> Maybe Type forall a. VarEnv a -> TyVar -> Maybe a lookupVarEnv (Subst -> VarEnv Type getTvSubstEnv Subst subst) TyVar tv) ; wrapWarnTcS $ mapM_ (uncurry $ warnDefaulting wanteds) proposal ; traceTcS "disambigMultiGroup succeeded }" (ppr proposal) ; return True } Maybe Subst Nothing -> -- Failure: try with the next defaulting group do { String -> SDoc -> TcS () traceTcS String "disambigMultiGroup failed, will try other default types }" ([(TyVar, Type)] -> SDoc forall a. Outputable a => a -> SDoc ppr [(TyVar, Type)] proposal) ; Bool -> TcS Bool forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Bool False } } where ([TyVar] tvs, [Type] default_tys) = [(TyVar, Type)] -> ([TyVar], [Type]) forall a b. [(a, b)] -> ([a], [b]) unzip [(TyVar, Type)] proposal try_group :: TcS (Maybe Subst) try_group | Just Subst subst <- Maybe Subst mb_subst = do { lcl_env <- TcS TcLclEnv TcS.getLclEnv ; tc_lvl <- TcS.getTcLevel ; let loc = TcLevel -> SkolemInfoAnon -> CtLocEnv -> CtLoc mkGivenLoc TcLevel tc_lvl (SkolemInfo -> SkolemInfoAnon getSkolemInfo SkolemInfo HasCallStack => SkolemInfo unkSkol) (TcLclEnv -> CtLocEnv mkCtLocEnv TcLclEnv lcl_env) -- Equality constraints are possible due to type defaulting plugins ; wanted_evs <- sequence [ newWantedNC loc rewriters pred' | wanted <- wanteds , CtWanted { ctev_pred = pred , ctev_rewriters = rewriters } <- return (ctEvidence wanted) , let pred' = HasDebugCallStack => Subst -> Type -> Type Subst -> Type -> Type substTy Subst subst Type pred ] ; residual_wc <- solveSimpleWanteds $ listToBag $ map mkNonCanonical wanted_evs ; return $ if isEmptyWC residual_wc then Just subst else Nothing } | Bool otherwise = Maybe Subst -> TcS (Maybe Subst) forall a. a -> TcS a forall (m :: * -> *) a. Monad m => a -> m a return Maybe Subst forall a. Maybe a Nothing mb_subst :: Maybe Subst mb_subst = [Type] -> [Type] -> Maybe Subst tcMatchTyKis ([TyVar] -> [Type] mkTyVarTys [TyVar] tvs) [Type] default_tys -- Make sure the kinds match too; hence this call to tcMatchTyKi -- E.g. suppose the only constraint was (Typeable k (a::k)) -- With the addition of polykinded defaulting we also want to reject -- ill-kinded defaulting attempts like (Eq []) or (Foldable Int) here. errInvalidDefaultedTyVar :: WantedConstraints -> [(TcTyVar, Type)] -> NonEmpty TcTyVar -> TcS () errInvalidDefaultedTyVar :: WantedConstraints -> [(TyVar, Type)] -> NonEmpty TyVar -> TcS () errInvalidDefaultedTyVar WantedConstraints wanteds [(TyVar, Type)] proposal NonEmpty TyVar problematic_tvs = TcRnMessage -> TcS () forall a. TcRnMessage -> TcS a failTcS (TcRnMessage -> TcS ()) -> TcRnMessage -> TcS () forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [Ct] -> [(TyVar, Type)] -> NonEmpty TyVar -> TcRnMessage TcRnInvalidDefaultedTyVar [Ct] tidy_wanteds [(TyVar, Type)] tidy_proposal NonEmpty TyVar tidy_problems where proposal_tvs :: [TyVar] proposal_tvs = ((TyVar, Type) -> [TyVar]) -> [(TyVar, Type)] -> [TyVar] forall (t :: * -> *) a b. Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] concatMap (\(TyVar tv, Type ty) -> TyVar tv TyVar -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. a -> [a] -> [a] : Type -> [TyVar] tyCoVarsOfTypeList Type ty) [(TyVar, Type)] proposal tidy_env :: TidyEnv tidy_env = TidyEnv -> [TyVar] -> TidyEnv tidyFreeTyCoVars TidyEnv emptyTidyEnv ([TyVar] -> TidyEnv) -> [TyVar] -> TidyEnv forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ [TyVar] proposal_tvs [TyVar] -> [TyVar] -> [TyVar] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ NonEmpty TyVar -> [TyVar] forall a. NonEmpty a -> [a] NE.toList NonEmpty TyVar problematic_tvs tidy_wanteds :: [Ct] tidy_wanteds = (Ct -> Ct) -> [Ct] -> [Ct] forall a b. (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] map (TidyEnv -> Ct -> Ct tidyCt TidyEnv tidy_env) ([Ct] -> [Ct]) -> [Ct] -> [Ct] forall a b. (a -> b) -> a -> b $ WantedConstraints -> [Ct] flattenWC WantedConstraints wanteds tidy_proposal :: [(TyVar, Type)] tidy_proposal = [(TidyEnv -> TyVar -> TyVar tidyTyCoVarOcc TidyEnv tidy_env TyVar tv, TidyEnv -> Type -> Type tidyType TidyEnv tidy_env Type ty) | (TyVar tv, Type ty) <- [(TyVar, Type)] proposal] tidy_problems :: NonEmpty TyVar tidy_problems = (TyVar -> TyVar) -> NonEmpty TyVar -> NonEmpty TyVar forall a b. (a -> b) -> NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b forall (f :: * -> *) a b. Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b fmap (TidyEnv -> TyVar -> TyVar tidyTyCoVarOcc TidyEnv tidy_env) NonEmpty TyVar problematic_tvs flattenWC :: WantedConstraints -> [Ct] flattenWC :: WantedConstraints -> [Ct] flattenWC (WC { wc_simple :: WantedConstraints -> Cts wc_simple = Cts cts, wc_impl :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication wc_impl = Bag Implication impls }) = Cts -> [Ct] ctsElts Cts cts [Ct] -> [Ct] -> [Ct] forall a. [a] -> [a] -> [a] ++ (Implication -> [Ct]) -> Bag Implication -> [Ct] forall (t :: * -> *) a b. Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] concatMap (WantedConstraints -> [Ct] flattenWC (WantedConstraints -> [Ct]) -> (Implication -> WantedConstraints) -> Implication -> [Ct] forall b c a. (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c . Implication -> WantedConstraints ic_wanted) Bag Implication impls -- In interactive mode, or with -XExtendedDefaultRules, -- we default Show a to Show () to avoid gratuitous errors on "show []" isInteractiveClass :: Bool -- -XOverloadedStrings? -> Class -> Bool isInteractiveClass :: Bool -> Class -> Bool isInteractiveClass Bool ovl_strings Class cls = Bool -> Class -> Bool isNumClass Bool ovl_strings Class cls Bool -> Bool -> Bool || (Class -> Unique classKey Class cls Unique -> [Unique] -> Bool forall a. Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool forall (t :: * -> *) a. (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool `elem` [Unique] interactiveClassKeys) -- isNumClass adds IsString to the standard numeric classes, -- when -XOverloadedStrings is enabled isNumClass :: Bool -- -XOverloadedStrings? -> Class -> Bool isNumClass :: Bool -> Class -> Bool isNumClass Bool ovl_strings Class cls = Class -> Bool isNumericClass Class cls Bool -> Bool -> Bool || (Bool ovl_strings Bool -> Bool -> Bool && (Class cls Class -> Unique -> Bool forall a. Uniquable a => a -> Unique -> Bool `hasKey` Unique isStringClassKey)) {- Note [Avoiding spurious errors] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When doing the unification for defaulting, we check for skolem type variables, and simply don't default them. For example: f = (*) -- Monomorphic g :: Num a => a -> a g x = f x x Here, we get a complaint when checking the type signature for g, that g isn't polymorphic enough; but then we get another one when dealing with the (Num a) context arising from f's definition; we try to unify a with Int (to default it), but find that it's already been unified with the rigid variable from g's type sig. Note [Multi-parameter defaults] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ With -XExtendedDefaultRules, we default only based on single-variable constraints, but do not exclude from defaulting any type variables which also appear in multi-variable constraints. This means that the following will default properly: default (Integer, Double) class A b (c :: Symbol) where a :: b -> Proxy c instance A Integer c where a _ = Proxy main = print (a 5 :: Proxy "5") Note that if we change the above instance ("instance A Integer") to "instance A Double", we get an error: No instance for (A Integer "5") This is because the first defaulted type (Integer) has successfully satisfied its single-parameter constraints (in this case Num). -}