choice ps tries to apply the parsers in the list ps in order, until one of them succeeds. Returns the value of the succeeding parser.

option x p tries to apply parser p. If p fails without consuming input, it returns the value x, otherwise the value returned by p.

 priority = option 0 (digitToInt <$> digit)

One or none.

It is useful for modelling any computation that is allowed to fail.

Examples

>>> import Control.Monad.Except

>>> canFail = throwError "it failed" :: Except String Int
>>> final = return 42                :: Except String Int

>>> runExcept $ canFail *> final
Left "it failed"
>>> runExcept $ optional canFail *> final
Right 42

skipOptional p tries to apply parser p. It will parse p or nothing. It only fails if p fails after consuming input. It discards the result of p. (Plays the role of parsec's optional, which conflicts with Applicative's optional)

between open close p parses open, followed by p and close. Returns the value returned by p.

 braces  = between (symbol "{") (symbol "}")

One or more.

Zero or more.

sepBy p sep parses zero or more occurrences of p, separated by sep. Returns a list of values returned by p.

 commaSep p  = p `sepBy` (symbol ",")

sepByNonEmpty p sep parses one or more occurrences of p, separated by sep. Returns a non-empty list of values returned by p.

sepEndByNonEmpty p sep parses one or more occurrences of p, separated and optionally ended by sep. Returns a non-empty list of values returned by p.

sepEndBy p sep parses zero or more occurrences of p, separated and optionally ended by sep, ie. haskell style statements. Returns a list of values returned by p.

 haskellStatements  = haskellStatement `sepEndBy` semi

endByNonEmpty p sep parses one or more occurrences of p, separated and ended by sep. Returns a non-empty list of values returned by p.

endBy p sep parses zero or more occurrences of p, separated and ended by sep. Returns a list of values returned by p.

  cStatements  = cStatement `endBy` semi

count n p parses n occurrences of p. If n is smaller or equal to zero, the parser equals to return []. Returns a list of n values returned by p.

chainl p op x parses zero or more occurrences of p, separated by op. Returns a value obtained by a left associative application of all functions returned by op to the values returned by p. If there are zero occurrences of p, the value x is returned.

chainr p op x parses zero or more occurrences of p, separated by op Returns a value obtained by a right associative application of all functions returned by op to the values returned by p. If there are no occurrences of p, the value x is returned.

chainl1 p op x parses one or more occurrences of p, separated by op Returns a value obtained by a left associative application of all functions returned by op to the values returned by p. . This parser can for example be used to eliminate left recursion which typically occurs in expression grammars.

 expr   = term   `chainl1` addop
 term   = factor `chainl1` mulop
 factor = parens expr <|> integer

 mulop  = (*) <$ symbol "*"
      <|> div <$ symbol "/"

 addop  = (+) <$ symbol "+"
      <|> (-) <$ symbol "-"

chainr1 p op x parses one or more occurrences of p, separated by op Returns a value obtained by a right associative application of all functions returned by op to the values returned by p.

manyTill p end applies parser p zero or more times until parser end succeeds. Returns the list of values returned by p. This parser can be used to scan comments:

 simpleComment   = do{ string "<!--"
                     ; manyTill anyChar (try (string "-->"))
                     }

Note the overlapping parsers anyChar and string "-->", and therefore the use of the try combinator.

Additional functionality needed to describe parsers independent of input type.