A time and space-efficient implementation of byte vectors using packed Word8 arrays, suitable for high performance use, both in terms of large data quantities, or high speed requirements. Byte vectors are encoded as strict Word8 arrays of bytes, held in a ForeignPtr, and can be passed between C and Haskell with little effort.

This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions. eg.

 import qualified Data.ByteString as B

Original GHC implementation by Bryan O'Sullivan. Rewritten to use Data.Array.Unboxed.UArray by Simon Marlow. Rewritten to support slices and use ForeignPtr by David Roundy. Polished and extended by Don Stewart.

O(n) Convert a '[Word8]' into a ByteString.

For applications with large numbers of string literals, pack can be a bottleneck. In such cases, consider using packAddress (GHC only).

foldl, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator), and a ByteString, reduces the ByteString using the binary operator, from left to right.

This function is subject to array fusion.

scanl is similar to foldl, but returns a list of successive reduced values from the left. This function will fuse.

 scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]

Note that

 last (scanl f z xs) == foldl f z xs.

scanl1 is a variant of scanl that has no starting value argument. This function will fuse.

 scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]

O(n) replicate n x is a ByteString of length n with x the value of every element. The following holds:

 replicate w c = unfoldr w (\u -> Just (u,u)) c

This implemenation uses memset(3)

O(n), where n is the length of the result. The unfoldr function is analogous to the List 'unfoldr'. unfoldr builds a ByteString from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing if it is done producing the ByteString or returns Just (a,b), in which case, a is the next byte in the string, and b is the seed value for further production.

Examples:

    unfoldr (\x -> if x <= 5 then Just (x, x + 1) else Nothing) 0
 == pack [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

O(n) Like unfoldr, unfoldrN builds a ByteString from a seed value. However, the length of the result is limited by the first argument to unfoldrN. This function is more efficient than unfoldr when the maximum length of the result is known.

The following equation relates unfoldrN and unfoldr:

 snd (unfoldrN n f s) == take n (unfoldr f s)

spanEnd behaves like span but from the end of the ByteString. We have

 spanEnd (not.isSpace) "x y z" == ("x y ","z")

and

 spanEnd (not . isSpace) ps
    == 
 let (x,y) = span (not.isSpace) (reverse ps) in (reverse y, reverse x) 

break p is equivalent to span (not . p).

Under GHC, a rewrite rule will transform break (==) into a call to the specialised breakByte:

 break ((==) x) = breakByte x
 break (==x) = breakByte x

breakEnd behaves like break but from the end of the ByteString

breakEnd p == spanEnd (not.p)

The group function takes a ByteString and returns a list of ByteStrings such that the concatenation of the result is equal to the argument. Moreover, each sublist in the result contains only equal elements. For example,

 group "Mississippi" = ["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"]

It is a special case of groupBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test. It is about 40% faster than groupBy (==)

O(n) Break a ByteString into pieces separated by the byte argument, consuming the delimiter. I.e.

 split '\n' "a\nb\nd\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"]
 split 'a'  "aXaXaXa"    == ["","X","X","X",""]
 split 'x'  "x"          == ["",""]

and

 intercalate [c] . split c == id
 split == splitWith . (==)

As for all splitting functions in this library, this function does not copy the substrings, it just constructs new ByteStrings that are slices of the original.

O(n) Splits a ByteString into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output. eg.

 splitWith (=='a') "aabbaca" == ["","","bb","c",""]
 splitWith (=='a') []        == []

O(n) The isSuffixOf function takes two ByteStrings and returns True iff the first is a suffix of the second.

The following holds:

 isSuffixOf x y == reverse x `isPrefixOf` reverse y

However, the real implemenation uses memcmp to compare the end of the string only, with no reverse required..

O(n) The find function takes a predicate and a ByteString, and returns the first element in matching the predicate, or Nothing if there is no such element.

 find f p = case findIndex f p of Just n -> Just (p ! n) ; _ -> Nothing

O(n) The partition function takes a predicate a ByteString and returns the pair of ByteStrings with elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate, respectively; i.e.,

 partition p bs == (filter p xs, filter (not . p) xs)

O(n) The elemIndexEnd function returns the last index of the element in the given ByteString which is equal to the query element, or Nothing if there is no such element. The following holds:

 elemIndexEnd c xs == 
 (-) (length xs - 1) `fmap` elemIndex c (reverse xs)

count returns the number of times its argument appears in the ByteString

 count = length . elemIndices

But more efficiently than using length on the intermediate list.

Read entire handle contents strictly into a ByteString.

This function reads chunks at a time, doubling the chunksize on each read. The final buffer is then realloced to the appropriate size. For files > half of available memory, this may lead to memory exhaustion. Consider using readFile in this case.

As with hGet, the string representation in the file is assumed to be ISO-8859-1.

The Handle is closed once the contents have been read, or if an exception is thrown.

Read a ByteString directly from the specified Handle. This is far more efficient than reading the characters into a String and then using pack. First argument is the Handle to read from, and the second is the number of bytes to read. It returns the bytes read, up to n, or null if EOF has been reached.

If there is any data to read, then hGet will not block, instead it will return whatever data is available without blocking. It only blocks if there is no data available to read.

hGet is implemented in terms of hGetBuf.

If the handle is a pipe or socket, and the writing end is closed, hGet will behave as if EOF was reached.

breakByte breaks its ByteString argument at the first occurence of the specified byte. It is more efficient than break as it is implemented with memchr(3). I.e.

 break (=='c') "abcd" == breakByte 'c' "abcd"